Transformation of Gilgamesh - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1510 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Gilgamesh Essay Did you like this example? The Epic of Gilgamesh is a historical piece of literature that shaped history and has some impact on modern day literature as well. Perhaps one of the key reasons the Epic of Gilgamesh is so widespread and has continued to be such a great deal in literature for a long time, is because it gives an awareness and understanding of why some humans behave the way they do when emotions and feelings are involved. The lessons taught by this ancient work was relevant back then and is still appropriate today. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Transformation of Gilgamesh" essay for you Create order Some of the concerns and lessons seen throughout the book that are still relevant today are: the terror and fear that most individuals have in regard to death, having an overwhelming desire to escape death or be immortal, and the effects that a true friendship may have on a persons life. It does not take a great deal of insight into The Epic of Gilgamesh for a person to locate these themes in the story, and even less introspection to relate to them. The story itself encompasses life lessons that can be utilized daily. Gilgamesh, himself, who is two-thirds god, and one-third human possesses several unique qualities that are above average due to his god like abilities. It is through a tremendous expedition that Gilgamesh is able to present all these characteristics; however, during the story, we see Gilgamesh transform from a mean, chauvinistic king, to an individual who shows compassion and love for someone other than himself. The transformation that Gilgamesh experienced is what eve ntually molded him into the loving friend that he became. Transformed through the loss of a beloved friend, Gilgameshs terror rather than his humanity is what truly defines him and signifies him as a hero. Transformed through the loss of a beloved friend, Gilgameshs terror rather than his humanity is what truly defines him and signifies him as a hero. Two different beings brought together to even the unbalance within themselves somehow formed a bond, or a brotherhood that became strong, and very impactful. The loss of a best friend implies the loss of such a tremendous bond, and a true confidant which can cause anyones actions to change. This is exactly what happens to Gilgamesh as he witnesses death come over his friend as Enkidu. The goddess Ishtar cursed Enkidu to die of a sickness, and Gilgamesh has the burden to witness this. Enkidu, Gilgameshs better half, was the reason that Gilgamesh transformed from the arrogant selfish king into a heroic one who helps protect his city and stand victorious of several battles. The special bond between Enkidu and Gilgamesh brings about a change within Gilgamesh which allows him to connect with Enkidu in such a positive manner. This bond creates a positive influence within Gilgamesh that is shown throughout the end of the story. The loss of Gilgameshs best friend causes him to lose a part of himself. After Enkidus death, Gilgamesh questions his own life, Shall I not die too? Am I not like Enkidu? (Stephen, Book IX). With this mode of thinking, Gilgamesh sets out to seek immortality in hopes to escape a fate like Enkidus; this is the pivotal point in which Gilgamesh transforms into more of a human that that of his god like being. In The end of the journey: from Gilgamesh to Le citta invisibili. Annali dItalianistica, Cachey writes The didactic poem describes Gilgamesh transcending a stage of heroic adolescence. The death of his companion Enkidu brings home as never before the reality of the heros own mortality, which in turns classifies him as a true hero. (Cachey,71). In the pursuit for knowledge about obtaining immortality, Gilgamesh sets himself on a dangerous quest which clouds his judgement on the potential outcomes. During this journey, Gilgamesh shows that he is a man of action, rather than one who thinks about his actions before making them. According to Dastur, It seems therefore possible to argue that humanity does not achieve consciousness of itself except through confrontation with death. This is what is confirmed by one of the most ancient testimonies of human history, the Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh (Dastur). Immortality as we all know is unattainable, but this does not stop Gilgamesh from seeking to find it. His virtue is displayed through his journey and its purpose. The journey that Gilgamesh sets out on is a purposeful one; for he is determined to escape the physical and mental limitations of man, despite the fact that he is less man than god. Gilgameshs desire and determination to defy death, is what allows him to exceed all expectations, and successfully complete all obstacles presented before him. When Gilgamesh reaches Utanapishtim, he has so many questions in regard to mortality. When Gilgamesh insists that he be permitted to live eternal life, Utnapishtim states If you think you can stay alive for eternity, surely you can stay awake for a week. (Stephens, Book XI). When Gilgamesh fails the test, he thinks that it is over. Just as Gilgamesh is prepared to return to Uruk, Utanapishtims wife tells him that there is a plant that has the ability to return someone back to their youthful years. In pursuit of his goal, Gilgamesh is determined to find the plant. Despite all the obstacles Gilgamesh overcame, unfortunately, his chance at immortalit y was taken from him by a snake. Even though he failed to attain immortality, Gilgamesh by far was not a failure. Ultimately, Gilgamesh returns back home to Uruk where he presents himself as a totally different king. He now is a king of virtuous status, and of moral being. These are qualities that he did not possess in the beginning of his reign. With this, Gilgamesh is truly a hero amongst his people of Uruk. Gilgameshs mysticism, however, also shows a different side of the goals that Gilgamesh had set for himself. A man two-thirds god and one-third man sets himself apart from all others. In her book, Gilgamesh the Hero, Geraldine McCaughrean, describe the condition of Gilgamesh in saying: Gilgamesh wants to escape human limitations, to get answers to questions not available to his contemporaries, and perhaps most importantly, he wants to overcome mortality both for himself and others. But ultimately his story shows us that, despite his extraordinary talents, in these matters he is not different from other humans. Thus, we see that it is precisely his human limitations that make him truly heroic. (82-83). With Gilgameshs divine lineage, he is able to complete some enormous and astonishing obstacles. His obsession with attaining immortality, and seeking the knowledge on how to achieve it, set him apart from his old self. Looking at the effort and drive that Gilgamesh puts towards attaining immortality, this lets us know that he is not only doing this for himself, but potentially for those he loved. Mortality is inescapable, no matter the genetic makeup of an individual however, this did not stop Gilgameshs pursuit to reach his goal. No matter how amazing a person may be, that doesnt matter when evaluating human life, for all humans must die, as in the unfortunate fate of Enkidu. For any individual that is only human, that person will have limitations on the things that they can and cannot do; thus, it is not Gilgameshs divinity but his humanity that truly defines him and signifies him as a hero in the eyes of the people of Uruk. The lesson that one should take from Gilgamesh is to never give up on accomplishing a goal, even if the pathway to reach them seems impossible. This message that Stephen Mitchell demonstrated throughout the epic in combination with the presentation of morality, well-being, and virtue all display lessons that were shown through an epic poem that has endured centuries. From conquering battles with fierce beasts, to watching his best friend die, to embarking on a journey to attain immortality, The Epic of Gilgamesh is amusing while also displaying segments of a harsh reality. Losing the rejuvenation plant to a snake appeared to be a defeat, until Gilgamesh witnesses the change that has transformed within himself while on his journey. To go from being hated by his people to becoming a hero in their eyes, Gilgameshs character change was prevalent; however, without the unfortunate death of his friend, none of this would have happened. In the article Death, Lessick wrote the theme of death and heroism is seen regularly. In Gilgamesh, the ancient epic of Mesopotamia, heroism is clearly illustrated through relationships, responding to the deaths of loved ones, and war. (Vol. 3). With his failure to achieve immortality, and his transformation Gilgamesh is truly now a hero, because he has discovered how to be humane despite being more god. In Looking at the other Gilgamesh, Dickson wrote The One Who Saw has now become the One Who is Seen and, even more tellingly, the one seen not as the acme of heroism or the standard of masculine heauty. (171-182). Gilgameshs heroism and transformation are such a joy to witness and he sets out on his journey.

Essay on 20th Century English Literature - 647 Words

May 3, 2011 British Literature II Defining Literary Techniques of 20th Century English Literature During the 20th Century, much advancement and change occurred throughout English Literature. All of the works we studied from this period were heavily influenced by current events in the world. The writers all examined the world around them and tried to express it through their writings. The three things that weave a common thread throughout all 20th Century English Literature are global warfare, radical artistic experimentation, and the effects of colonial expansion. The first point of global warfare is an easily identifiable and widespread one. All of the poetry we examined was centered around warfare and the effects of it on†¦show more content†¦It also uses magical realism as another form of artistic experimentation. In â€Å"The Moment Before the Gun Went Off,† the author Nadine Gordimer caught some flak for experimenting in her literature by writing it about racism rather than focusing on the more feminist issues of the day, as were the norm. She also wrote this story from several viewpoints, wanting to enable the reader to understand the full scope of apartheid. One more literary experiment she incorporated was foreshadowing the twist ending subtly throughout the entire story. Radical literary experimentation was a big part of 20th Century English Literature. Lastly, the colonial expansion theme is perhaps the easiest and broadest similarity to pick up on. Each story we studied is set in and has the culture of a foreign land. Usually this land was one from England’s massive colonial empire, but not always. Take â€Å"The Day They Burned the Books† by Jean Rhys for example. This story being set in the Caribbean clearly shows a foreign setting. They way the natives rebel in the story also brings out the oppressive nature of colonialism and how they struggled against it. â€Å"Walker Brother’s Cowboy† by Alice Munro is set in depression era Canada and shows how the people struggled with the effects of colonialism even during the Great Depression. The third defining feature is possibly the greatest one of 20th Century English Literature. In conclusion, theShow MoreRelatedIntegumentary System Of Skin1308 Words   |  6 Pagesmethods of healing have varied. The written history of burn treatments began in 1500 BC and advancements in treatments have continued into the 21st century. Early burn treatment in 1500 BC involved using calf dung and black mud.5 There was a notable increase in literature on wound healing in the 20th century. In the late 20th and early 21st century, burn treatment began to vary based on depth of burn. 5 Skin grafts are a type of burn treatment that has evolved rapidly in the last hundred years.Read MoreThe Vampire in Folklore vs the Vampire in Literature1139 Words   |  5 PagesThe vampire, from folklore to literature is described as a â€Å"dead person that awakens in the night to suck the blood out of the living†. (Bartlett, pg 1) The evolution of the vampire itself has seen drastic changes from the time of the vampire in folklore; where he was seen as a scapegoat, being the cause of the plagues and had to be killed to restore a healthy civilization to, Bram Stocker’s literary vampire; where the vampire had become the heroic figure and had to be blamed for all the victimsRead MoreEssay on Modernism in Literature1532 Words   |  7 PagesThe turn of the 20th century conveyed revolution in psychological, social, and philosophical thought. It was time for something neoteric. It was time to break out of the mundane tradition. This time of revolution conceded men, such as Charles Darwin, Karl Marx, and Sigmund Freud, to rise to fame with their radical and cutting edge theories. Also, women were exasperated of their modeled roles in society. They sought to be independent, they longed to have the ability to vote, and most of all, theyRead MoreFirst Recorded In The 8Th Century, Ancient Myths And Legends1171 Words   |  5 PagesFirst recorded in the 8th century, ancient myths and legends have been a significant influence on Japanese culture and continue to inspire modern literature today. 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Biff is representative of this as he works withRead MoreTexas Education Policy Changes Throughout The 20th Century Essay1394 Words   |  6 PagesTexas Education Policy Changes in the 20th Century In the twentieth century, the Texas legislature made some of the most important decisions in education law. The most powerful changes that came to education in 20th century Texas were the issues of bilingual education and school funding. Most of these policy changes and the original policies still have lasting effects on the state’s education. English Only At the beginning of the century, Bilingual education was not only absent in Texas publicRead MoreThe Impact Of Haruki Murakami On The World War II939 Words   |  4 Pagesborn after the war and grew up in a Japanese society marked by war. Even after the war had ended, the feelings had not disappeared. Japanese literature was stained with themes of devastation and war. 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The Tone and Style of Ralph Ellisons Battle Royal Essay

A short analysis of the major theme found in Ellison’s Battle Royal, supported by a literary criticism dealing with the tone and style of the story. Introduction: Ralph Ellison’s short story, Battle Royal, is mainly an account of the African American struggle for equality and identity. The narrator of the story is an above average youth of the African American community [Goldstein-Shirlet, 1999]. He is given an opportunity to give a speech to some of the more prestigious white individuals. His expectations of being received in a positive and normal environment are drastically dashed when he is faced with the severity of the process he must deal with in order to accomplish his task. Analysis: The recurrent theme of Battle Royal is†¦show more content†¦Many history altering events took place during this continuing struggle. More symbolism appears during the fight when the nature of the audience changes for the worse. Through his description of whites from a high social standing watching the battle of ten blacks in a ring, Ellison shows the attitude and approach those in charge of running system have towards ethnic minorities – in this case, African Americans. As the battle intensifies, the enthralled audience become more engrossed and began foul mouthing the fighters in their animalistic frenzy. The total disregard for human dignity shown by this reaction is a prime example of the stance of superiority assumed by the ruling majorities over minorities. The main theme of Battle Royal occurs again with the incident of the electrified rug. After the battle has ended, the boys are allowed to pick bills and coins off of a rug. As they try to take the money off the rug, they are jolted with electricity. Even though the pain factor involved in picking the cash off the rug is very high, the boys force themselves to carry on. This brilliantly captures the economic hardship faced by the black community and the negative effect of this hardship on social harmony. Once more, a theme of suppressed dignity emerges. It shows that even after their biggest fight for respect ended, African Americans were forced to endure racism and prejudice in otherShow MoreRelatedThe Struggle for Equality and Identity in Ralph Ellisons Battle Royal915 Words   |  4 PagesRalph Ellison’s short story, Battle Royal, is mainly a description of the African American struggle for equality and identity. The narrator of the story is an above average youth of the Af rican American community [Goldstein-Shirlet, 1999]. He is given an opportunity to give a speech to some of the more prestigious white individuals. His expectations of being received in a positive and normal environment are drastically dashed when he is faced with the severity of the process he must deal with inRead MoreLiterature And The English Literature Essay1537 Words   |  7 Pageswritten novel or short-story, to truly appreciate the purpose and importance of it all. When you are reading a novel can you easily depict who the author has designed to be the protagonist or the antagonist? Can you accurately describe the setting or tone of the story or poem? Do you easily fall in love with the narrator or speaker of every book or poem you have read? The answers to these questions simply make up some of the most common elements identified in literature. They are the things that oneRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 Pageson their intuition and personal experience to express truths about life. During his senior year at Central High, Langston met a pretty girl named Sue at a dance. His poem about her later became famous. Previously, his poems had lacked any racial tone. This poem, When Sue Wears Red, praises the beauty of a black girl, using rhythms and responses that he had heard in church. He compared her face to a cameo and her walk to that of a regal queen of Egypt. He described his physical and emotional reaction

The Debate About The Gun Laws - 875 Words

In the present day, firearm violence has increased significantly in various parts in the USA. Now, it is not new to our ear that there is a ton of cases with children and teenagers involving gun shooting or being arrested in the crossfire. The debate about the gun laws has set, become one of the most controversial topics in US society and failing to dead end. Increasing of lives being affected by this â€Å"killing machine†, the concerns arise with the highest ever as how to prevent the danger of gun while there are millions of them in the market places. It is a tragic to know that someone is affected by guns almost everyday in news from either hometown or in another part of the country. By the consequence of guns, they should be illegal in American society rather than using self-defense to protect people, not as weapons to take other s lives because of the increasing of riskiness, lack of capability of smart guns and inefficient ideas of micromanagement. First of all, legal guns in public could increase the violent and danger more than ever. It has been said that freedom of using guns are a part of US liberty. However, many people misunderstand or underestimate the harmful and dangerous by guns and they may become victims by hasty decision and put themselves or even their family at risk. Gun violence has taken so many Americans lives that this country is falling in crimes committed with guns. According to Judson Robinson from â€Å"Open carry gun laws could increase gun violence†Show MoreRelatedThe Gun Control Debate in America1159 Words   |  5 PagesGUN CONTROL DEBATE IN AMERICA Gun control has become a very hot topic of contention in America today. What seems to echo here are two words: â€Å"guns† and â€Å"crime†, in a sense that are these words mutually exclusive to each other? Does the use of guns ultimately lead to crime? On the flip side, have the laws in America restricting firearm use been effective enough to protect the lives of the citizens? These are some of the questions that strike the hearts of many when the gun control debate music isRead MoreEssay on Both Sides of Gun Control in the United States1442 Words   |  6 PagesUsually when people think about guns they think about crime. But are the two really related? Do guns really lead to crime? And if they do, do laws that restrict firearm ownership and the use of guns stop the crime or protect people? These are the questions many politicians are asking themselves when creating gun control laws. The debate over gun control is nothing new. As you can see this debate still goes on today and is the cause for the beginning of gun control laws. Guns are extremely powerfulRead MoreGun Control Vs. Gun Rights1099 Words   |  5 PagesReflection Paper One: Gun Control Vs. Gun Rights Whether you gather your information from the newspaper, radio, or a website, you have certainly been exposed to one of the most controversial, current debates. It seems that the media refuses to stop talking about this topic. In fact, as soon as the press over one event disappears another event seems to revive the debate. Some citizens say that we need more restrictive gun laws. Meanwhile, other Americans say that more guns are what is necessary.Read More Gun Control: Opposing the Removal of Guns from American Citizens1588 Words   |  7 PagesBecause of many incidents involving handguns, and any other type of gun, the government has been trying to push a gun ban law. As a result of this rumor and possible law, there have been numerous outbursts of support and resistance. 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Theme Of Machismo In Chronicle Of A Death Foretold

Chronicle of a Death Foretold is a story about a murder that happened in a small town, in which the society allowed to happen without questioning it. In this town there is an emphasis on male pride and men’s sexual behaviors. Everyone expects a certain code of male honor from every man. The way they look and act is all portrayed by this emphasis of machismo. Machismo men are stereotypically thought of as strong, rich, loud, and as womanizers. They are often associated with violence. Drinking, fighting, handling of arms, and killing for honor is all associated with this concept of machismo. This idea of machismo in this society is what allowed the murder to happen and all the events that happened before and after the murder. The†¦show more content†¦The society was primarily a male-dominant one; the men and women were not equal according to the social rules; women were considered as middle class and the men believed themselves to be free to do anything (Aghaei). Colombian culture gave men the right to go to a brothel or after any woman and engage in as many sexual encounters as they liked (Aghaei). Even the men took pride in such actions; they never felt ashamed of it because the society accepted these desires and needs of men (Aghaei). It shows that women were used as objects to satisfy men’s desires (Aghaei). Women are given different standards than men. Angela and her sisters were taught â€Å"how to do screen embroidery, sew by machine, weave bone lace, wash and iron, make artificial flowers and fancy candy, and write engagement announcements† (Marquez, 31). These skills were taught to better prepare the girls for marriage. This story takes place during a time when women were looked at and considered to be inferior to men. Women at that time were looked at as a possession. They were the possession of their fathers, husbands, and even brothers (Farahmandian). In this novel, the power to dominate is aimed towards women (Farahmandian). Marquez gives a clear picture of the dominant social rules and norms (Aghaei). Thus, such a brutal and cruel differentiation ofShow MoreRelatedTheme Of Machismo In Chronicle Of A Death Foretold732 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is machismo? Machismo is when a man feels that he deserves the obedience and respect of all women around him. The novel Chronicl e of a Death Foretold is a novella of a murder story retold after 70 years of it happening the novel was published in 1981. In the novel Chronicle of a Death Foretold readers notice several themes throughout the story one of them is machismo. In the novel â€Å"Chronicle of A Death Foretold† the role of men greatly impacts the story with their actions as they are seenRead MoreTheme Of Machismo In Chronicle Of A Death Foretold969 Words   |  4 PagesPage 1 Izaak Dittrich Hour: 2 Mrs. Mosiman 10/5/2017 Rough Draft Machismo is defined as strong or aggressive masculine pride. Machismo was very prevalent in latin america during the 1950’s when the novella takes place. M`en were often viewed as the head of the families, the providers, and the decision makes. Women didnt have that say in just about everything. Women were viewed as house women, and the ones who would take care of the children. They rarely worked or had any job, unless they wereRead MoreAnalysis of Cultural Flaw in Chronicle of a Death Foretold1485 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Cultural Flaw in Chronicle of a Death Foretold Humanity has built grand and wondrous cultures and societies, for the better of mankind people have devoted themselves to a functional structured society. But have these creations become merely fabrications that hinder one’s true beliefs? Throughout the novel Chronicle of a Death Foretold, author Gabriel Garcia Marquez gives insight into Colombian society. As the story of a murder unravels Marquez projects the themes of honor and fate cautiouslyRead MoreChronicle of a Death Untold by Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez1008 Words   |  4 PagesTQ: To what extent do the Machismo and Marianismo ideals act as a catalyst to the plot of Chronicle of a Death Foretold by Gabriel Garcia Marquez? Honor over Love Honor can be earned and built throughout years of work and commitment but lost in just one single action. When looking at many Latin American cultures it is the women’s duty to preserve the honor, and the male’s job to protect it if there is ever a threat. The social ideologies of machismo and marianismo act as a source of pressure toRead MoreAnalysis Of Chronicle Of A Death Foretold By Gabriel Marquez1482 Words   |  6 PagesIn Chronicle of a Death Foretold, Gabriel Marquez employs the motif of flowers within the novel to illustrate the role of women within a Latin American society; the cultural and symbolic implications of this associate flowers with purity, victimization, gender barriers, and deceit. In doing so, Marquez creates a microcosm of Latin America, exposing the core of Columbian culture and society with all its aspects such as ethnicity, and social norms and conventions that led to a series of insecuritiesRead MoreChronicle of a Death Foretold by Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez1240 Words   |  5 Pagesbut as sacred. He is willing to risk his life in its defense and it’s conscious that he gains protection while he gives it.† Gabriel Garcia Marquez bases the novel, Chronicle of a Death Foretold, off of a true account of a murder that occurred in Sucre, Columbia. In the Columbian culture presented in this novel, he portrays the theme of honor as a fundamental value and important value that everyone is obligated to respect. Marquez does this through repetition to highlight the idea that actions takenRead MoreChronicle Of A Death Foretold1866 Words   |  8 PagesReflective statement: Chronicle of a Death Foretold The expectations of society and status quo are an important influence in Chronicle of a Death Foretold. The various interactive oral presentations that my classmates presented discussed an array of topics which included roles of women and machismo, specifically how women were forced to accept the unfair social expectations placed on them and how men were expected to exemplify macho behavior. My classmates’ presentations also helped me to gainRead MoreThe Products Of Gender Stereotypes And Concepts Of Alpha Male And The Vicario Brothers 965 Words   |  4 Pagesmale’, and it is evident that they have been forced by society to kill a man, but this by itself does not represent a strong critique against machismo as the only consequences seen are a restricted individuality and freedom, and an act that was probably not seen as immoral by the readers at that time. In order to make a strong, effective critique against machismo, Garcia Marquez describes the murder as a traumatizing experience and explains its numerous negative impacts. The murder itself is describedRead MoreChronicle Of A Death Foretold Point Of View Analysis1555 Words   |  7 PagesIn the novella Chronicle of a Death Foretold, the author Gabriel Garcia Marquez, uses the element point of view supported by certain motifs to portray society and how its gender roles affect the narration. The auth or’s choice in doing so is important simply because the novella is based on a real life story which occurred in Sucre, Colombia, in 1951, where he had lived. The incident happened while Gabriel Garcia Marquez was in college studying journalism, just like the narrator of the novel. Marquez

Important Trends within Strategic Management- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theImportant Trends within Strategic Management. Answer: Introduction Today's business environment is experiencing rapid changes than ever before. Small startups are springing up catapulted by innovation and creativity causing disruption in the way businesses are conducted. More people are keen on entrepreneurship. In Jordan, it is estimated that there are 100 000 Small and medium enterprises. These are set to grow as unemployment spurs entrepreneurship among the youth especially in the 20-34 age bracket (Barkawi 2015). There is the issue of security and globalization. Why are companies more concerned about cyber security? These are some of the issues discussed at length in this paper. Globalization The business environment has become more interconnected courtesy of the changing operating environment by the businesses. For this reason, many companies are opting to operate outside their home countries. Even small businesses are harnessing the open business opportunities presented outside their home countries. Globalization has become a trend as businesses tend to improve product quality, escape market rivalry at home, test new products, diversify their products, enjoy economies of scale, and as a strategy to increase sales and ultimately revenue (Woolley 2013). Changing Trends in Information Technology According to Barnat (2014), the use of information technology is a major move by companies that want to excel in business today. A while ago, use of social media in companies was seen as a luxury. Today social marketing is growing at an unprecedented rate as companies try to capture the Generation Y and the millennial generation. Changing Economic Trends The economic conditions in many countries are changing abruptly. In Europe and North America, many countries and states respectively were affected by the global economic crisis. Countries like Greece have not yet recovered. This has seen the purchasing parity of citizens reduce. Subsequently, companies have to make tough decisions on how to package their products to stay profitable. Meanwhile, investments in the Middle East, Asia, and Africa are seen as the next frontier for business growth (Youngs 2014). Innovation Small companies are coming up with innovations that are challenging the market status quo and causing disruption in the market. A company like Uber, for instance, stated its operations as a passenger transportation entity but has transformed the taxi businesses in many countries (Barkawi 2015). New Leadership Styles While in the not so recent past organizations had traditional structures that were working quite adequately for them, this is no longer the case. Organizations have had to reorganize their leadership to be responsive to both internal and external customers. Many businesses in emerging markets employ flat structures or matrix organization structures where the concern is on performance and rapid response to customers (Grant and Jordan 2015). Outsourcing of Work In order to remain competitive and cut the cost of production, companies are finding it easy to outsource labor and capitalize on core competencies. This is also evident from many companies which are employing Just in Time mechanisms to reduce the cost of production and distribution (Meehan 2016). Security There is growing concern that online hacking and data theft continue to jeopardize business operations. The threat of terrorism is also affecting business prospect (Barnat 2014). Changing Workforce The millennial generation is anticipated to bring new organization cultures different from the ones of baby boomers, generation X or Y. In this regard, many companies may be caught unaware (Grant and Jordan 2015). How Managers and Organizations should Respond to the Trends Change Management One way managers can respond to the trends in strategic management is by embracing change. Companies that are embracing change and instituting change management are more likely to remain viable in the long term than those not adapting to change. Case in point is a company like Nokia which failed to adapt to customer tastes and preferences and lost the market to newer companies (Woolley 2013). Market Intelligence To be always on par with changing demands in the market, companies need to employ market intelligence services to be able to anticipate and respond to changes- abrupt or otherwise, in the market (Barnat 2014). Preparing for Workforce Succession The millennial generation has been termed to be completely different from other generations. Companies ignoring this group are finding the hard way that their future is tied to this generation. Managers need to prepare for workforce succession to accommodate this generation (Meehan 2016). Investment in Cyber Security Theft of data as well as finances has been witnessed as a result of the growing threat of cybercrime. Moreover, companies are losing important data to competitors hence losing their edge in the market. To prevent this they need to invest in securing their networks (Woolley 2013). Product Diversification Consumer taste is changing rapidly and products in the market now are becoming obsolete in shorter time span than before. To counter the threat of losing business companies can consider diversifying their product portfolio (Grant and Jordan 2015). Seeking New Markets/Globalization As companies from western countries seek markets in the Middle East, the Far East, and Asia, so should companies in these recipient nations. This will ensure that shocks in one market do not run the business completely down (Youngs 2014). Innovation Centers Companies and managers need to have innovation centers for their next products in their life cycle as innovation is the key to success in today's competitive markets. Innovation will also be a source of competitive advantage (Barkawi 2015). Conclusion As evidenced by the report, companies today are facing numerous changes in the operating environment. These range from leadership styles, economic fluctuations in the market, new generation of customers and workforce, increasing market rivalry to mention a few. The managers in these companies need to embrace change, invest in information technology, and create innovative centers among other moves to ensure the viability of their businesses. References Barkawi, W. (2015). The Dynamic New Trends Of Entrepreneurship. [online] Entrepreneur. Available at: https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/247319 [Accessed 12 May 2017]. Barnat, R. (2014). Strategic Management :Recent Trends. [online] Introduction-to-management. Available at: https://www.introduction-to-management.24xls.com/en133 [Accessed 12 May 2017]. Grant, R. and Jordan, J. (2015). Foundations of strategy. 1st ed. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley, pp.30-78. Meehan, M. (2016). The Top Trends Shaping Business For 2017. [online] Forbes.com. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/marymeehan/2016/12/15/the-top-trends-shaping-business-for-2017/#326e45276a8a [Accessed 13 May 2017]. Woolley, D. (2013). 10 Trends in strategic marketing management. [online] CMO. Available at: https://www.cmo.com.au/blog/art-science/2013/04/22/10-trends-strategic-marketing-management/ [Accessed 13 May 2017]. Youngs, R. (2014). Europe in the New Middle East. 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press, p.90.

Leveraging Health Information Technology -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Leveraging Health Information Technology? Answer: Introduction The implementation of the IT system projects requires the deployment of the improved activities for listing the functional and professional development models (Ford et al., 2016). The various IT projects are related with the inclusion of the developing effective communication medium for the users. The deployment of the improved operations for the users with complete system development is resulted due to the use of the advanced technology. However, the deployment of the information system for the patients had impacted the exhaustion of more money than expected from the project. It was expected that the project would be completed in the estimated time duration and accumulated budget. The alignment of the operations had resulted in forming the supportive deployment of the successive development factors. The assignment has been developed for forming the development of the report for listing the issues faced in the scenario of the Abandoned NHS IT systemproject. The alignment of the operations had formed the deployment of the effective report for the development of the final reports (McKeigue, 2017). The various resources present in the project had been formed for listing the various issues of deploying the improved operations. The issues listed in the project would show the prospects of cost value analysis of the issues in the project. Key issues of the project The deployment of the new and centralised IMT strategy for management the information related to patients treatment procedure (Haddad, Muhammad Wickramasinghe, 2016). The key issues of the project were based on the formation of the specific issues and alignment of the profound system development of the activities. The various issues of the project were ignorance of core issues, implementation of radical change in trust, and infiltration of privacy. The government had been sleazy about the implementation of the integrated system for the patient record keeping system. The adjustment of the programme management system would tend to form the issues in deployment of the techniques for management. Ignorance of core issues The NHS IT project had been doomed for failure as the major project operation included the deployment of the changes in information processing and storing with the help of IT system development (Eason, 2016). The use of the IT system development was the major factor that would be required for forming the support to the database management. However, proper integration of technology and alignment of the activities had been ignored during the project. The lack of communication among the government officials and the health department had been a major concern for the development of the improved project activities. The successive development of the project plan was not well communicated among the project stakeholders. The allowance of the effective communication methodology would have helped them in aligning their activities with the primary requirements of the stakeholders (Audet, Squires Doty, 2014). The avoidance of the core issues of the project was the main reason in forming the majo r issue in forming the issue in NHS IT project. The addressing of the issues ate core was not being undertaken into the project. Implementation of radical change in Trust The policies developed for the NHS IT project was based on the development of the IT infrastructure of IT for the deployment of the effective operations (England, 2016). The system would ensure that the information related to the patients and their medical records would be kept securely for the development of the effective and improved operation development. The development of the information system for patients health record would help in listing the probability of effective development methods. The development of the activities would allow the formation of the improved data management for the users. The unwillingness of the Trusts board for investing successfully in the NHS IT projects were the main reasons behind the failure of delivering the integrate systems. The project required the converge inclusion of the IT strategy and principles for the formation of the improved functional and operational activities. The government were influenced by the interim report for the NHS funding written by Derek Wanless, Natwest banker. They decided to opt for more centralized strategy focusing on combating the piecemeal uptake of IT. The NHS hospitals operate differently and they require unique sets of data for the patients as they have little or no choice as per the services they provide (Johnson, 2014). The centralized arrangements of the NHS IT system development were not able to fit with the healthcare needs of the professional grounds. Infiltration of privacy The privacy consideration for the NHS project was a major factor for concern as all the data and information related to the development of effective information processing (England, 2016). The effective deployment of the information system for NHS was employed for listing the development of the operations for the organization. The ambitious healthcare information system projects were of high risk and high gain feature and the policymakers had the clear intention of undertaking some policies that would be suitable for the IT system development projects. The government did not take the confidentiality of the information seriously for the implication of the NHS IT projects. The alignment of the privacy activities were a major part of the IT implementation factor. However, the implementation of the 2001 Health and Social Care Act had made it possible for collecting and using personal health data in all possible identifiable form (England, 2016). It had give rise to the probability of the occurrence of the privacy infiltration to the health records. Analysis of Control System The control system of the NPfIT considered various factors such as cost, schedule, quality and schedule (Cooper, 2016). Control system implementing cost is a means of assessing and reducing the expenses met by the organization so as to increase its profits. The initial state of cost control is budgeting. It compares the budget expectation to the actual results and analyses the cost of implementation (Haddad, Muhammad Wickramasinghe, 2016). The cost of implementation of the project was comparatively low initially. Then after, there was a substantial increment in the investment. The cost of the project was incremented from about AU $3.9 billion to AU $4.8 billion, and this represented approximately 3 per cent of the total NHS budgeting (Eason, 2016). However, the amount that would be spent was low and the Prime Minister committed to increase the NHS spending amount. This also assisted the Chancellor to make significant approval of the funding scheme. Thus, this implied that funding wa s not the serious issue to be considered however, it created a major problem as a detailed cost benefit analysis was lacking. Thus, due to this reason the expenditure of the programme was not justified. However auditing of such funds was done for ensuring that the requirement is met and the fund is not directed towards other purposes. The other control system used was schedule and the plan was to take control over the resource management and performance management. It provided an appraisal for the various procurement approaches (Waterson, 2014). The plan then after assessed the option that was greatly preferred. The subsequent processes included outsourcing major program components. Then at the national level some program components were delivered. Following that some standards were also set for the local use. While planning for the NSP plan, an outcome based specification that was an integrated electronic health record system was also in progression. After the launch of the NSP plan the health department published a consultation draft that was largely concerned to draw in documents from other procurements. The NSP plan then after permitted only a specified amount of time for the major activities taken up in Phase1 of the plan. Then, in the subsequent years all the clinicians and the supporting staffs were provide d with broadband access. The plan also proposed to implement the National Booking Scheme as well as to implement full heath record nationally. The upcoming phases such as phase2 and phase3 were planned to work for the subsequent years. It was proposed to deliver the entire functions for the remaining components of NPfIT. The other control measure considered in the NPfIT plan was quality control. In the process plan some suppliers lacked specific capabilities to meet the required target or the respective objectives (Audet, Squires Doty, 2014). Furthermore, lack of focus of the employees further led to the downfall of the plan. On the other hand, the hurried timescales in procurement led to the further downfall of the plan. Furthermore, the complexity of the project undertaken was underestimated hence; the officials were unable to marketing the plan as a complete success. However, the implementation of the plan featured success with the programme elements executing on the required schedule. The functioning of the program also proved to be a success. The other aspects of the plan were also running behind the schedule. The delay in the schedule made it tougher for people to trust towards the Information Technology. Scope was considered as the major unit of control system. The NPfIT plan considered huge scope for further development and enhancement in the near future. The plan was planned to be implemented nationally. The scope was to incorporate the entire health care unit under Information Technology (Clarke, 2015). It also had a scope of training programmes for enhancement of skills. Furthermore, medical coding would also be implemented so as to provide accurate data. Analysis of schedule and cost overrun The project of NHS IT system development took much leap of time and exhaustion of resources for the operations. The costs of the project were escalating without any proper showing of the budget benefits even after 7 years of running project. The schedule of the project had been unclear and the project team members role in the project was vague and no clear responsibilities were set for the team members. NHS CIO Connelly had been defining a confusing goal for delivering the conspicuously lacking probability. The setback of the project had been largely based on the issues of the cost factors. The financial crisis of 2007-08 and recession had affected the budget of the project severely. The project had seen many change in project budgets that ultimately tended with exhaustion of Au$ 17.7 billion. The project was entitled to save a major amount of Au$ 1.25 billion by allowing the trusts for selecting their systems from plural supplier base. The NHS structure had included the spine, NHSma il, N3 network, picture archiving and secondary uses services, choose and book, and communication services for forming the essential infrastructure. The elements had included the amount of Au$ 3.74 billion worth of programme expenditure. The contract settlement of the projects took a toll of Au$ 100 million and Au $ 350 million advance payments were made to CSC month before expending Au$ 427 million by Lorenzo (Awwad, 2014). The new agreements between CSC and Health Department were done for ensuring that effective operations would be implied and it took over Au$ 1 billion for forming the new contract agreement. By the end of 2010, BT had delivered the systems to five of the Trusts hospitals with similar negotiation. The amount saved from the Au$ 1.8 billion contract with Ambulance service was only Au$ 130 million. The project had expected to deliver a benefit of Au$ 19.7 billion worth and the overall cost of the project was Au$ 17.5 billon (England, N.H.S. Improvement, 2016). Analysis of Project Execution Team The major IT reformation of the NHS project has been proposed by the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State in the department of Health on 12 June 2002 ("Forbes Welcome", 2018). According to the proposal announced for NHS, a governance structure for the whole set up of the project plan had been proposed which included an involvement of a ministerial taskforce, while the senior director of Health Department had been given the responsibility. Sir John Pattison had been the head of the Health department, and the senior officer-in-charge of the project. Nigel Crisp was appointed as the permanent secretary of the health department. Lord hunt had been given the responsibility of the chief executive of the NHS project. The senior responsible officer would be directly reporting to the Chief Executive and Permanent Secretary of Health Department. The structure has been consistent with the Department setting policy for 28 Strategic Health Authorities (SHAs). It had been worked in the field of supervising strategies of the Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) and other NHS Trusts, which were providing the different health care services like primary, secondary and community service in their respective localities. The project had three of Local Standard Plans (LSP), and the core IT partner was iSoft as well as Accenture ("Final Results | iSoft Group PLC (IOT) | RNS Company Announcements | Equities | FE Trustnet", 2018). The project of NHS IT had acquired a powerful management team, which consisted of the following personalities. However, the management team has been observed as one of the reasons of the failure of the project. Richard Granger, an eminent management consultant of Britain who had worked as a consultant in Deloitte, Accenture and Andersen Consulting and also had been a part of successfully implemented London congestion charge scheme, had been appointed as the director general of IT department in the NHS project in the year of 2002 ("Forbes Welcome", 2018). Gordon Hextall was the chief operating officer of NHS. Richard Jeavons was appointed as the owner of service and Harry Cayton had been worked as the chief of the Care Record Development Board. The procurement process of the project had ended in the hand of Granger, who was appointed in the project with the responsibility of both its procurement and proper implementation. Richard Granger incorporated a new approach in the management by to shift away the procurement from local implementation with national standard. It is also said that the primary view of this shifting of procurement approach had come from Sir John Pattison. However, Pattison had suggested a new model with newly added levels in the procurement process to support the new technological implications in an efficient way with comprehensive charge management. The new level would work as a prime service provider working with Health Department and SHAs. However, Granger mainly took an instrumental step towards the innovative private sector approaches by adopting the service-oriented strategy. Since the optimized timeline that had suggested at the time of the proposal was not realistically achievable, the forceful st rong leadership of procurement by strongman Richard Granger made it complete. However, the focus was not more on the precise specification of the project and supplier recruitment was mainly based on their general aptitude, which later affected on the overall quality. Moreover, the risk transfer method for which Granger was so proud, did not work properly in the particular Government project. Richard Granger quitted the job and left the program in the year of 2008. After his departure, Gordon Hextall had taken the responsibility of the whole program. However, it had been noted that Richard Grangers departure had told upon the whole project in a significant way. Analysis of relationship between overrun and the stakeholders The primary, secondary and key stakeholders of any healthcare system generally consist of the different fields. The major stakeholders of the NHS that can be broadly pointed out, are Government, Healthcare providers, Public, Administrator and different non-governmental organizations. In the context of the NHS, it has been observed that the stakeholder landscape is constantly changing and hence is affecting the cost of overrun of the whole project (Nancy, Currie Whitley, 2016). While the plan did not include any detail of the methods of the involvement of the key stakeholders of the company, with the growing time it reflected the control system and throughout cost. In the beginning years, the authority of NHS IT program declared a review report mentioning the formal arrangement for the more involvement of health professionals, clinicians, patients and other stakeholders including the policy advisors and managers of NHS in the wide project of electronic health system implementation. It had been found that the requirement of the stakeholders has a direct impact in the production of OBS. In the year of 2002, the review published from the authority of NHS named Gate Zero Review had emphasised on the engagement of stakeholders, though the improvement in the involvement did not take place in an expected manner (Presser, Hruskova, Rowbottom, Kancir, 2015). Chief Executive of the NHS, David Nicholson, announced in 2007 that the creation of the NHS Local Ownership Program that the decision of the production of OBS depends on local people related to healthcare service, NHS staff, boards of NHS organizations and authority, have not involved themselves th at much which were expected by the program. However, the engagement of more stakeholders in the core project program became tougher and started to tell upon the control system when Lord Hunt, the Chief executive of the project had resigned from the Government in 2003, followed by the exit of the senior responsible owner Sir Pattison at the end of the same year. This was a fatal loss for the project. Again, in the year of 2004 the Deputy Chief medical officer who was promoted to the post of Sir Pattison, Dr. Aidan Halligan also had a quit from the project. Mr. Alan Burns who replaced the post of Dr. Halligan again departed after only six months. In March 2006, Sir Nigel Crisp also retired from the Department of health of NHS (Campion-Awwad, Hayton, Smith, Vuaran, 2014). This constant change and alteration in the senior managerial post affected the whole project in the aspect of corporate leadership followed by a time overrun in the next year. The main IT partner of the project, iSoft faced a gradual financial degradation in 2006 and the loss was clearly reflected by the profit warnings, which were issued in January and June in the same year followed by the announcement of the great financial loss in August ("Final Results | iSoft Group PLC (IOT) | RNS Company Announcements | Equities | FE Trustnet", 2018). This became a big reason of cost overrun in the project (Andriof, Waddock, Husted Rahman, 2017). Nevertheless, in the same year, Accenture, another IT partner of the program made an allowance for AS$450 Million of future losses related to NHS IT project that included the problems occurred by the delay in iSofts development ("Accenture's Annual Report", 2018). In October 2006, Accenture announced that it is departing from the partnership of NHS. The main face of the whole program, Mr. Richard Granger left NHS in 2008 February, which affected the overall project in a large scale. Richard Grangers strong and crude leadership policies were criticised and admired at the same time and the cost overrun of the whole project had been influenced by his sole leadership. However, after his departure, in 2009, the Public Accounts committee described that the future of the project is uncertain ("Forbes Welcome", 2018). Nevertheless, the credentials of Granger were highly questions and certain health preservation campaigner had also commented that the whole scheme was nothing but a gross waste of money. Possible actions for success The major drawback of the implementation of the Information Technology in the NPfIT plan was the infiltration of privacy. The patients records are of utmost importance and require the urgent attention of the officials in maintaining the privacy. The plan would lead to success if a medical IT system would be implemented. However, clarity and precision should be maintained by the officials in entering of the datas. Moreover, proper security measures should be taken so as to prevent the leakage of data. However, the data on the network is never completely safe and secure (Lyon et al., 2016). It is also not reliable as it is vulnerable to data breaches by the criminal hackers who generally exploit the insecure internet connections. Implementation of smart cards could have been beneficial. The patients record and essential datas are stored. It could be incorporated as a part of a properly designed system (Dranove et al., 2014). Such cards could be stored with pin numbers that should be carefully stored and should not be disclosed to any other person. Moreover, the authorization of the officials should be done so as to prevent the unauthorized access of the datas. Another major drawback that led to the failure of the NPfIT is lack of trust and confidence of the people in the Information Technology systems. Loss of the trust of people in the government officials also set a major setback to the NPfIT plan. Strict supervision should be implemented such that the misuse of the personal data stored in the repository is banned. The easiest way to gain trust of the public is to generate respect for their privacy. Furthermore, the source code for the medical coding for the NHS should be kept open and available for general inspection (Ford, 2016). The patients should be provided with the complete information and the advantages should also be communicated to them. This would help in gaining the confidence and trust of the people. The usage of pseudonyms should also be facilitated. The existing and commission research should be effectively used in to the socio technical aspects of the Information Technology systems as the EPR systems. Conclusion Thus, with the above discussion it can be concluded that the NPfIT plan was primarily focused on implementing better data storage records in the health care units. It incorporated the implementation of Information Technology in health service. However, the plan suffered a great failure due to various reasons such as the qualities of deliverables were not satisfiable for the users as well as no provision for privacy was considered. Moreover, the plan was delayed according to the schedule. The plan included various control measures such as cost, schedule, quality and scope. Moreover, the plan was not appropriately implemented as there was tremendous delay in the execution of the plans. The officials thought plan did not execute properly because they hastily made decisions and proper attention was not given to minute details. However, various strategies should have been implemented to provide information security to the users. Additionally, provisions should also be made to keep the dat a of the users secure. The project execution team had an influence on overall project. Richard granger, the eminent managerial personality has left a lot of impact on the procurement procedure of the program. The report gives an overall analysis on the relationship of the stakeholders and the cost overrun. 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