A Study On Common Assessment Framework Social Policy Essay

A Study On Common Assessment Framework Social Policy Essay This essay will discuss why Common Assessment Framework was introduced to Childrens Services, what it attempts to achieve and whether or not it has been successful, the concept behind it and briefly, the difficulties in working with other health professionals to get the Common Assessment Framework to do what it was set out to do. The Every Child Matters Green Paper proposed the introduction of a Common Assessment Framework (CAF) as a central element of the strategy for helping children, young people and their families. (DfES 2004) Common Assessment Framework is a standard assessment tool to be used by all professionals working with children for assessments and referral (British Journal of Social Work (2009). The reform agenda in Childrens Service was catalysed by the public inquiry into the death of Victoria Climbià © (Laming 2003), an eight year old West African girl who was abused and murdered in the UK in 2000 as a result of extreme cruelty and neglect by her great-aunt and the her partner, who were her guardians. Background and Why CAF was Introduced An inquiry into the death of Victoria Climbià © (Laming 2003) exposed a failure to put in place the necessary basic procedures to protect her. Factors identified included lack of early intervention, poor co-ordination, failure to share information and the absence of anyone with a strong sense of accountability. As a result, the Common Assessment Framework (CAF) was one of the measures introduced under the changes in child protection policies and the green paper, Every Child Matters (2003) therefore was introduced to set out proposals for major changes in childrens programmes to allow every child, whatever their background or their circumstances, to have the needed support towards the achievement of a better outcome in the following key areas: being healthy, staying safe, enjoying and achieving making a positive contribution and achieving economic well-being (DoH 2003) The design, in conjunction with the lead professional and better information sharing policies and procedures; to change the method by which services are delivered, moving the focus from dealing with the consequence of difficulties in childrens lives, towards a more proactive preventative and precautionary measure. CAF is intended to be used for children who have additional needs which may not be complex or severe enough to require statutory intervention. It is for use in situations where there are concerns with how a child is progressing in any way (raised by the child, a parent or a professional), the childs needs are unclear, the childs needs are broader than a professionals own service can address or where it is thought that CAF would help to identify the childs needs. The draft Common Assessment Framework was developed in late 2004 with its revised version published in 2005. CAF is a new, more standardised approach for assessing the needs of children for service and deciding howthose needs should be addressed and met. It is meant for children with additional needs; that is, children at risk of poor outcomes (DfES, 2005b,p1). CAF is designed to be evidence-based , focusing on needs and strengths, rather than concerns as seen in the British Journal of social work (2009) 39, 1197-1217. The three stated aims of CAF are to support earlier intervention, improve multi-agency working by, for example embedding a common language of assessment; reduce bureaucracy for families (DfES, 2005b, p1.) CAF is not meant to replace many other assessment schedules used in the various agencies, such as the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families documentation, but the government would like the CAF to represent the main assessment tool to support inter-agency referral and multi-agency working (DfES, 2005b, p 2). Common Assessment Framework (CAF) is one of the contributing elements to the following both of which are outlined in the Childrens Act 2004, the delivery of integrated services the support inter-agency co-operation; and the safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children and young people. [emailprotected] How are children services organised? What is the key legislation that governs children and childrens services, The aim of Every Child Matters is to have a few agencies working together bearing in mind their professional boundaries to liaise and support children from 0 to 19, using a simple language to meet the needs of these children. It came up with the Integrated Childrens System (ICS), the Contact Point and the Common Assessment Framework (CAF), they all have different systems and style of working but have one common goal which is to improve the well being and to safeguard and promote the welfare of children and young people. When a child is seen as suffered neglect, abuse or has any server difficulty or being looked after under the Childrens Act 1989, their needs are assessed using the Framework for Assessment of Children in Need and their families. The Integrated Child System (ICS) is used at this stage, this is done by putting information together step by step and recording information about both the child and family, where a thorough assessment is required an in depth information is needed at this stage and must be gathered in a way that can set as the basis for decision making and can be used for different purposes. ICS is supported by information technology and its the basis of the electronic social care record for children. The IT system is also known as ISC. Contact Point is a fast method to find out who else is working with a particular service user, making it a lighter way to liaise and support, it is a major tool Every Child Matters uses to deliver a better service to Children and young people, having said that Contact Point only holds a little information about a child, parent, practitioners providing services to the child and carers until their 18th birthday, except for exceptional cases for example children with mental health and sexual health problems where their details are still held under sever security. Common Assessment Framework on the other hand comes in as soon as assessment is needed at the very early stage and deciding what action to take. It gives practitioners the chance to put together and record information about a child or young person with additional needs in an orderly, straight forward and simple. Work start from then and practitioners begin to look out for the needs and what should be done and its dealt with. CAF makes practitioners across all agencies, after the required training to go according to the procedures to achieve a dependable assessment that can be used by everyone dealing with the case. The national IT system to support CAF will be deve loped. (eCAF). This will help authorised practitioners to electronically create, share and store CAF within the agencies. Unlike Contact Point CAF only holds the information about some young people and children, with consent, and for a limited period of time. Both Contact Point and CAF were created to for use within childrens services, their goal is to help children with additional needs get the help and support they need, its a tool to make easy early intervention and help deal with additional needs before they get out of control and become more difficult to resolve. CAF and ICS has a common method to assessment, they both have a common way of collecting data about a child or young person around the domains of developmental needs of a child; parent capacity; and family and environmental factors. CAF and ICS are supported by technology where as Contact Point is a basically technology solution www.evertchildmatters.gov.uk Why was CAF introduced and whats its aim The green paper, Every Child Matters, proposed the introduction of a national Common Assessment Framework (CAF) as an important part of a strategy for helping children and young people to achieve the five priority outcomes of: being healthy: enjoying good physical and mental health and living a healthy lifestyle; staying safe: being protected from harm and neglect; enjoying and achieving : getting the most out of life and developing the skills for adulthood; making a positive contribution: being involved with the community and society and not engaging in anti-social or offending behaviour; economic well-being: not being prevented by economic disadvantage from achieving their full potential in life. The Common Assessment Framework (CAF) was decided upon based on the five basic keys. By the help of a lead professional and better information shearing procedure CAF was designed from the concerns that the existing procedures for identifying and responding to the needs of children who are not achieving the five outcomes identified in Every Child Matters do not work as effectively as they were meant to, to bring a better way of how services could be delivered, due to the fact that services have in the past been delivered based on dealing with the consequences of difficulties in childrens lives to preventing things from taking the wrong route from the start. Its main focus is to attain to the fact that every child gets the five keys. It is also created to help assessing children with additional needs which are not too complex or sever as to demand external intervention such as statutory intervention. CAFs aim is to give a method of assessment to give support to early intervention, to h elp decide what needs to be done at an early stage rather than later, its to provide good and a lot more evidence based referral to targeted and specialist services. CAF is created to enhance on joint working and communication between practitioners in a common language of assessment and views and as to how it could be resolved, it was also designed to improve the coordination and consistency around assessments leading to fewer and shorter specialist assessments. CAF was designed to help to decide whether other specialist assessments are needed and if so provide information to help get it done. It was to give a clear picture of a child or young persons needs to be built up over time and with the right consent shared among professionals. Has CAF achieved its aim?(positives and negatives) Through CAF some practitioner began to accept sheared responsibility for children and young people with additional needs. Apart from having to get parents consent to be part of the assessment procedure some practitioners and managers are in view that in conjunction with other services CAF has a lot more prospects in support to early intervention mostly universal services. Some also had doubt as to whether there was enough funds to meet the problems raised and the requirement of CAF. It is apparent that CAF has had mixed responses. One estimation of path-finding authorities revealed that practitioners and managers believed it has enabled a more rigorous follow-through of service delivery, promotion of better multi-agency working and were optimistic that it would eventually pull down thresholds for service receipt (Brandon et al., 2006). The introduction of CAF like everything has its strengths which in general gives a positive view seen by all, however, others have expressed their concerns about its been too formal to some organizations as descriptive tyranny, restricting the narrative making sense of the situation; the difficulties of various professionals and practitioners with other skills and expectations completing CAF differently or partially in the assessment process (Garrett, 2008; Gilligan and Manby, 2008; White et al, 2008). CAF in the East Riding for example is exclusively aimed as a minimal level involvement which will help use universal services to m anage early problems and deject wrong referrals to Social Care. The major intentional level for engagement agencies with the CAF has broader responsibility than CAF alone, covering all included services provision. The different agencies involved is broad, but some agencies are less active in attending meetings and buy in, in terms of resource input is limited. However, there some problems which lessen the positive involvement, and makes CAF less effective, these include less involvement of some agencies in terms of resources input. Practitioners were of view that CAF was not reducing the need foe reassessment, giving examples of some parents forced to repeat their stories during reassessments, I can understand sometimes practitioners would just want to be sure that things have not changed since the last assessment, but the public is of the view that CAF always has the updated information at any time needed, but for luck of training and human error we find out that CAF still is not d oing what it was set out. As well as distracting story-telling way of writing reports, the CAF writers often found that the boxes did not help them adequately to characterize the child and parents. The format of the CAF was opposed by some professionals and practitioners working with it.. Only some professionals used the language of need, whereas over 80 per cent talked about challenges. In addition to the descriptive demands, CAF forms also make CAF doesnt tell a story it feels like school exams, multiple choice, you can tick the boxes with the right answer, but it really doesnt give you er the er .The story. It is about narrative isnt it. Its about peoples lives. It isnt about um dividing a life up into a lot of small boxes. And when you put all those boxes together it will be EQUAL to the narrative As seen in (BJofSW 2009 39, 1197-1217) Sure start worker said I prefer a blank sheet of paper to express by thoughts ibid.. Upon a period of over a decades work in human services organizations, Gubrium et al describe what they call the descriptive tyrannies of people forms, forms used in one way or the other to describe and categorize people coming to the attention of human service professionals, hence, for Gubrium et al, the relations of form completion to human activity is two-fold. They are concerned with what sorts of descriptions the forms invite or the reportorial expectations assumed to underlie acceptance organizational description (Gubirum et al, 1989, p 197). What may be the rational, moral and artful capacities of form-completers? That is, what wiggle room (Erickson, 2004, p, 20) do they have with these descriptive demands? (Oxford University press 2008). Gubrium et al argue that, completed forms like any mode of description, have transformative effects. They do not simply describe events as they occurred in real time. For example they may contain mutually exclusive categorizations, which deman ds that the form-computer suspend disbelief that only one category can apply at any one time, bearing in mind that CAF is designed to have evidence-based , focused on needs and strengths, rather than concerns. Professionals are encouraged to evaluate strengths, needs, actions and solutions for children across three domains derived from the framework for Assessment of Children in Need and their Families (DoH 2000). Please ignore the recommendation below still have that to do I have it written down will type it out tomorrow, Im working in the dark because my landlady forgot to get some electricity and my eyes are hurting now. My lecture ends at 11 so will finish it all with the Ref.. Recommendation and conclusion It is clear to me that the purpose of the CAF and its work load is to ensure that professionals attend to, and record information deemed most relevant to their primary activities as distinct at this historical moment. The CAF is also an over view presented as a complete professional judgement. However, I have shown above that the demands of the form cause information to be ordered in preferred ways, which can be unintelligible. I have talked about the fact that CAF constrains professional practice in particular ways, it is indeed designed to exert its own rigid demands, which can feel harsh to the one person completing the form. CAF in particular relies on the assumption that it can foster uniform professional application and an ordinary (White, Hall and Peckover, 2009). Laming (2009) still recommended that we need to involve more agencies to make the workload easier and effective and said the use of Common Assessment Framework CAF needs to be further promoted with Agencies. To achieve the reason it was introduced practitioners and everyone involved in using CAF must be fully aware of what its all about and must be fully trained to know the pros and cons of what CAF wants to achieve, other Agencies working in line with CAF must also keep their systems and information updated to suit the needs of the children and young people who might need this service to also live the lives they deserve. Parents and the general public must be fully aware of what CAF is hoping to achieve in that way they dont feel pressured if they are called upon to give their approval before an assessment is carried out for their children. Bibliography www.everychildmatters.gov.uk (assessed 13/01/2010) www.ecm.gov.uk/contactpoint. (assessed 12/02/2010) www.ecm.gov.uk/caf (assessed 12/01/201) www.ecm.gov.uk/ics (assessed 12/01/2010) Brandon, M., Howe, A., Daglry, V., Salter, C., Warren, C. and Black, J. (2006) Evaluating the Common Assessment Framework and Lead Professional Guidance and Implementation, Research Report No 740, Nottingham: DfES Department for education opportunity, releasing potential, achieving excellence(Ref DfES 2004) The political Quarterly Publishing Co, Ltd. 2005

Personal Narrative- Happy to be Away from Home Essay -- Personal Narra

"For years I never spoke to anyone about it. Never mentioned a thing to my parents or teachers or my classmates"(Rodriguez 623). 1 shiver as I read it-the most powerful sentence I have ever come across. Scared, confused and resentful, I slam the book shut. Silence confronts me. Not a whisper, not a murmur-I hear nothing. I am alone. The donn room is too dark, the single lamp too dim. Anxious and frightened I flop onto the bed and look out at the night sky. Not a star is to be seen-Just infinite dark space. My pulse quickens. Suddenly the room is too hot-too small. I feel claustrophobic. I squeeze my eyes shut, willing it to go away. It won't. My palms become sweaty and I feel nauseous. I kick my legs in the air, angrily lashing out at the haunting memories. With every kick the anger builds up, until tears of hopelessness and frustration roll down my cheeks onto the pillow. I can't take it anymore, and I scream, "Aaaaahhhh!" It's only an essay I remind myself. But that is exactly the problem-it has made me confront feelings that I have tried to ignore and had kept hidden for a very long time. I close my eyes and the memories flood my head, threatening to haunt me. I am the "scholarship boy" to a certain limit (Rodriguez 622). 1 am an excellent student. Always successful, always confident. Needing to be the best. I study and read to succeed-to get a report card with nothing but A's. I don't study to learn. I am a good student and yet at the same time, a bad one. I read, ace an exam, and then forget about it, for my sole purpose is to succeed and get ahead. But this does not make me bookish- merely ambitious and overzealous for success. "Education is the only way for you to succeed. Take advantage of every opportunity you get," my... .... It makes me feel ungrateful that my parents love me and miss me so much, yet I cannot fully return that. It took Rodriguez a lifetime to come to terms with that. I wonder if I'll ever have the courage he had to took back. At this point I do feel like I have lost quite a bit of the cultural part of my childhood, but as yet I do not view it as a great loss. One thing is for sure; the essay forced me to confront my true feelings and has given me a way to express myself and a way to deal with issues I would have never otherwise faced. At this point I cannot say whether I will try and recover my lost culture. I just hope that university does not create an even greater barrier and distance between my family and me. Works Cited Rodriguez, Richard. "Achievement of Desire." Ways of Reading. Ed. Tony Perrietto and Joan E. Feinberg. Boston: Bantam Books, 1999. 620-639.

Speak Your Mind: The Censorship Controversy In American Culture :: essays research papers fc

On a rainy morning in Detroit, Michigan, a twenty-something year old man by the name of Marshall Mathers awakes to hear a pounding on his front door. After muttering a few obscene phrases, he rolls out of bed and stumbles to his front door. However, instead of facing another autograph seeker, the rapper best known by his alias Eminem (or the real Slim Shady) is face to face with two police officers. â€Å"Mr. Mathers,† one says, â€Å"we’re here to serve you with an arrest warrant. You have subjected much of America’s population to obscenity, homophobic comments, sexism, and racism, and frankly, it offends many people. We don’t want culture to face your type of commentary any more. You have the right to remain silent†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Needless to say, this scenario would never occur in the American democracy of the present. However, many in America today are advocating censorship to such an extreme that someday events such as this may become a reality. And, though time and time again court cases have ruled against censorship, many continue to fight to limit free speech in America. However, in restraining what the constitution guarantees, there is much at stake. Although many argue that censorship is necessary to protect America’s citizens, it violates one’s freedom of speech found in the First Amendment and should therefore not be practiced. Granted, there are many reasons for advocating censorship that could be justified. Much material that is available in magazines, at the movie theater, and on the internet is considered by many to be extremely offensive. For example, the rock band Rage Against the Machine at times seems to glorify violence. Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, the Columbine High School gunmen, were fond of this band, and some of Rage Against the Machine’s lyrics have been assumed to have inspired the boys’ violent act. In many cases, evil can be advocated in forms of speech, causing many to believe that in order to prevent wrong from prevailing, censorship must be practiced with a fervor. In his essay â€Å"Censorship Can Be Beneficial,† Thomas Stork says, â€Å"Now if we can identify certain evils, and if advocacy of those evils seems likely to encourage people to commit them, then why should we not take the next and logical step and prohibit such advocacy†¦ Must the authorities be helpless to restrain the source of the evil?† (20) This statement is a logical one, for one of the American government’s greatest concerns is protecting its citizens from violent acts.

Increase in Customer Influence on Businesses Essay -- Business, Logist

Increase in Customer Influence on Businesses and its Resultant Effect on Workers and Managers Introduction So many factors have come together to make today’s business environment very competitive and flexible at the same time. Customers now play a significant role in the production and delivery of both goods and services in the global market. Globalization has also made it possible for comparisons to take place between and amongst different markets, giving the customers knowledge (power) to make choices and demanding more value for their money. This stance of the customer goes a long way to determine the performance of organizations; this is because without the existence of customers to patronize the goods and/or services offered by businesses, there will be no need for these businesses to exist. Customer influence on businesses More often than not, studies have examined the relationship behaviour between businesses and their customers from the business perspective with little or no attention to the customers’ perspective. As stated by Keillor et al (1999), for businesses to succeed in a highly competitive market environment, they must fundamentally understand and satisfy customer needs. Heskett et al (1993, 2003) as sited by Maxham J.G et al (2008) posited that the profit and revenue growth of an organization are a function of customer loyalty which stems from customer satisfaction. The key demands from customers as stated by Heskett and his colleagues are high quality goods/services and satisfactions. For customers to remain loyal to an organization, they must experience good value for their money and satisfaction. Akin to the performance and productivity level of an organization is the performance of the manager... ...ple Resourcing: contemporary HRM in practice. 4th ed. London: Prentice Hall International Shenkar, O. & Luo, Y. (2007) International business. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Wu C.H et al (2008) Structural relationships among organization service orientation, employee service performance and consumer identification; the service industry journal vol 28(9) available from: http://ehis.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=04c840d7-ec91-4485-bb27-258e51dc1864%40sessionmgr111&vid=1&hid=116 Maxham J.G et al (2008) The Retail Value Chain: linking employee perceptions to employee performance, customer evaluations and store performance. Marketing science journal, vol 27 (2) available from: http://ehis.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=e3d4fad3-61ea-4147-8854-dac1e71b41bf%40sessionmgr111&vid=1&hid=116

Marketing Plan for Redbox Essay

Redbox is a DVD/Blu-Ray rental company which utilizes kiosk machines placed in convenient, high-traffic locations. The first Redbox kiosk was opened by McDonald’s in 2002. Redbox was later purchased by Coinstar, Inc. , and over the years, Redbox has rented over one billion movies and has grown to more than 27,000 locations in restaurants, grocery stores, pharmacies and convenience stores nationwide. Redbox proves to be a very unique way to rent DVD’s and by the nature of Redbox’s rental process, most businesses would benefit from the increased traffic generated by having a kiosk machine at their location. This type of relationship proves to be a win-win situation for both Redbox and the businesses which are housing the kiosk machine. Redbox’s primary target market proves to be the busy, I don’t have time to visit Blockbuster or login to Netflix type of consumer. There kiosk machines are located in common shopping locations which lend themselves to the â€Å"lazy† consumer. Furthermore, Redbox is also targeting the casual movie watcher who isn’t necessarily intending on renting a movie. In a way Redbox has turned renting movies into an impulse item. As a result, Redbox provides consumers with a service never seen before and has emerged as one of the largest DVD rental chains in the world. Redbox’s marketing mix is simple, unique, and clever. They have successfully turned a shopping item into a convenience item. Times have changed since the first movie rental store, Magnetic Video, was opened during 1977 in Los Angeles, California. During that time home personal computers were barely seen and the internet was nowhere on the horizon, so movie rental stores with good customer service provided the consumer with knowledge about the movies they were interested in. However, in today’s fast moving, information crazed world, consumers can obtain better information on the fly with there Blackberry, iPhone, or any other internet ready handheld device. Obviously Redbox recognized that consumers generally already know what movies they want to watch and they do not need to visit a movie rental location to get these hot new DVD releases. Not only does Redbox provide a unique service, they provide it at a low cost at convenient locations. Most movie rental stores charge $4-5 to rent a new release for approximately 3 days, whereas Redbox provides a similar service for $1. 29 per night. This is extremely cheap considering most consumers watch their movie rental the same day they rent it. Furthermore, Redbox gets this low cost movie rental product to the consumer through a channel of distribution historically associated with snack foods and soda. By providing movie rentals through vending machines called kiosks located at shopping locations where consumers already go to shop, they have eliminated much of the costs associated with conventional movie rental stores and the need for consumers to make an additional stop just to rent a movie. Since Redbox’s inception, it has experienced enormous growth and profit, but they will need to evolve in order to get ahead of the curve. Although Redbox appears to have established themselves as a formidable competitor to Netflix and Blockbuster, they are facing a gruesome reality. The take-home movie rental business is rapidly losing ground to online streaming video directly to consumers’ homes via the internet. Netflix has already been providing this service for quite some time and both Redbox and Blockbuster are feeling the pressure. Blockbuster, Inc. has already declared bankruptcy and very well may close conventional brick and mortar locations entirely. Redbox will need to change their marketing strategy significantly in order to stay competitive. The industry is changing and Redbox will need to seriously consider providing a viable online streaming video service which can rival Netflix. I propose Redbox should cease all efforts in providing any more kiosk machines so they may focus most of their resources to providing the consumers with what they want, online streaming video. Netflix has already got a head start, but even they will not be an exclusive online service for a few more years. So, Redbox must follow the money if they plan to be in business in the next five years. On the other hand, Redbox also has a golden opportunity to gain a large market share in the gaming industry. Redbox needs to become the first and only company to offer video game rentals through vending machines. Redbox is poised to achieve this goal with little to no effort and with their only possible competitor in this area being Blockbuster, they are sure to make huge profits from offering this service. Redbox already has the distribution channels in place; all they need to do is make a smooth transition from offering DVD’s in the kiosks to offering games. This should be a tiered transition which coincides with their streaming video efforts. In other words, Redbox cannot simply remove DVD’s from the kiosks and replace them with games immediately. As Redbox begins to provide consumers with a reliable, concrete streaming video service at a competitive price, they can slowly remove DVD’s from kiosks and replace them with the hottest new video games on the market. In conclusion, Redbox is currently providing a service which is in its decline stage and they need to consider changing their product mix in order to get ahead of the curve. They can accomplish this by providing consumers with an online streaming video service and becoming a pioneer in the gaming industry. Get Your Game on with Redbox!

Categories Of Carbon Steel Their Compositions Engineering Essay

‘STEEL ‘ is used for assorted metals of Fe. These vary from each other depending on the content and % of stuff added to the Fe base solution. On must maintain an of import factor in head, all steels contain a % degree of C + Manganese + Silicone + Sulpher. By increasing C to establish solution the stuff will increase strength and hardness therefore improves drastically the harden-ability. On the other manus C reduces the capableness of weld-ability and increases crispness. Several types of steels exist in our markets, the most common being ; field C, chromium steel, alloyed and tool steel. Carbon steel is one of the largely used steels in several industries. As explained antecedently, its belongingss are dependent largely on the % of C added but the other elements have minor influence excessively. One of import factor sing Plain Carbon Steel, is that this is a type of steel incorporating up to 1.5 % of C. One must foreground that most of the C add-ons in C steel are less than that of 1 % . Some applications of these steels are structural beams, auto frames, etc. ( Capudean, 2003 ) ( Iron Making & A ; Steel MAking, 2008 ) ( Jr. , 2007 ) Harmonizing to the ‘Steel Classification Society ‘ , Carbon steels are sub divided into four chief classs ; – Low Carbon Steels /Mild Steels ; these steels have less than 0.25 % of C, and these are the largely used class of C steels. Normally this type being unresponsive to heat interventions, intended to organize a martensitic construction, beef uping is achieved by cold working the portion due to low C content. These are really easy to organize steels with accomplishing popularity largely for not high strength applications. Some belongingss are ; Very tough, inexpensive sing costs ( least expensive to bring forth ) , they are easy machined ( more ductile than high C steels ) and welding belongingss are besides really good. Typically these have 275MPa – output strength, 450 – 550 MPa – tensile strength, and 25 % EL – Ductility. For such a ground, these are normally used in applications as Bridgess due its ability to deform under burden and return to its original. ( B ) ( Capudean, 2003 ) ( Groover, 2010 ) Degree centigrades: UsersNathanielDesktopRoadRailBridges.gif Medium Carbon Steels ; incorporate 0.25 % up to 0.55 % C. When it comes to belongingss, increasing C besides means a direct influential addition in hardness + tensile strength. On the other manus this besides effects severely the ductileness which makes it more hard to machine. Heat intervention to really thin subdivisions can better such machinability issues. These may be austinized by slaking and annealing afterwards to better such belongingss. These are comparatively stronger than the old class, whilst weaker than the high C steels. One common application of medium C steel is the production of crankshafts where high strength and stiffness is required to defy high tonss and opposition to tire when it comes to uninterrupted tortuosity and bending. Typical values are, 450-580MPa – output strength, 600-750 MPa – tensile strength, and 20-30 % EL – Ductility. ( Corus, 2010 ) ( Jr. , 2007 ) ( Iron Making & A ; Steel MAking, 2008 ) Degree centigrades: UsersNathanielDesktop1108phr-03+383ci-small-block-chevys+pistons-and-crankshaft.jpg High Carbon Steels ; incorporate 0.6 % up to 1.4 % of C. In a heat treated status it is able to defy high shear and wear hence, these are used in applications where stiffness and hardness play an of import portion such as in rope wire, besides good in prolonging crisp film editing borders. Unfortunately, these are the least malleable and really difficult to weld, in fact preheating and station warming ( commanding of chilling temperature ) is critical in order to obtain good welding sections and accomplish good mechanical belongingss. Since at their maximal hardenable conditions, these are the most brickle devising this a large drawback for this steel. ( B ) ( Jr. , 2007 ) ( Groover, 2010 ) Degree centigrades: UsersNathanielDesktopwire-rope2.jpg Very High Carbon Steel / Tool Steels ; are a ‘sub group ‘ of high C steels and contain lower limit of 0.8 % C. These have weak welding belongingss and ductileness, but are really good when it comes to strength, hardness and wear opposition that ‘s why it is really normally used in centre clouts. An of import factor for these sorts of steels is that most of them are used in a hard-boiled + tempered status. ( Jr. , 2007 ) ( Groover, 2010 ) Degree centigrades: UsersNathanielDesktop oolsteel.jpgP7: Question 2Select an industry and supply a brief over position of one metal forming technique used.The preciseness metal organizing procedure I will be discoursing is the Powder Formation ( PM ) . This gives an alternate cost effectual range towards stomping, hammering, machined parts and projecting. This is characterized one of the most enforced preciseness metal organizing technique in the modern industry and it is normally found in the automotive industry. Most vehicle parts presents are produced by such a procedure. PM combines pulverization compression with optimum physical belongingss with controlled high temperatures atmosphere sintering. ( Turkish PM ) Degree centigrades: UsersNathanielDesktopimage001.gif Such a procedure offers ideal benefits that you can non accomplish with using other metal working procedures. Mentioning merely a few, it is really material efficient since the finished portion uses 100 % of the stuff, whilst in other organizing techniques one will hold wastes. The procedure is really good in making intricate forms with minimum cost add-on. Some illustrations could be splines, cogwheels, away centric parts, etc ) . Sometimes this besides reduces assemblies since most of the assembly parts can be produced in a individual formation by PM. The PM clouts and rods produce parts with closer tolerances. A assortment of standard metals are specifically suited for PM processing, nevertheless intermixing can be easy done to run into specific belongings demand. Automatic rhythms make the PM procedure really labour efficient. The lone back draw is to put up the parametric quantities for the tooling, but as this is done, the procedure can bring forth parts at a really efficient r ate. High temperature Powder Metal ( HTPM ) , is able to accomplish 88-96 % of the material theoretical denseness. Since every stuff belongingss depends on denseness ( elongation, output strength, etc ) , HTMP outperform other procedures. ( GT.b, 2012 ) ( J, 2011 ) ( Marciniak, 1988 ) The high temperature metal pulverization procedure is divided into 4 chief sectors ; Blending – here high pureness metals pulverizations and additives are studied so funneled down to choose the optimal pick for the application in order to run into the coveted belongingss to the application. For illustration in the automotive industry, this procedure is used to organize panels. Here aluminum pulverization with anti oxidation additives and silicone for elastic belongingss are added in order to organize the ideal mixture for the door panel. All the pulverizations are assorted with particular lubricators which helps treating the pulverization flow. As mentioned before, blending the pulverizations in a solid province provides new chances to come up with new belongingss unique merely to HTPM. Compacting – Powdered metal is fed from a hopper into a provender shoe. The provender shoe delivers it into a die pit. Here multiple pulsations compress it into 50 % of its original capacity. Second strength packing forces realign and deform the atoms whilst implementing local mechanical bondings organizing a portion known as ‘a green portion ‘ . These are ejected carefully by automated machines and conveyed to the following measure. Compacting imperativenesss vary from 5 up to 900 tones and are capable of multiple gestures. Sintering – this involves puting the green portion in temperatures above 1300AÂ °C ( but below runing points ) . By such a procedure a batch of benefits are achieved, metallurgic bonding is enhanced, ductileness and stamina are besides improved. The initial art of the procedure cleans lubricators and surface of the metallic atoms to guarantee perfect mechanical belongingss sing the finished constituent. At the 2nd portion of this procedure ( go forthing portion in high temperatures ) , this allows energy to transform mechanical bonds to metallurgical bonds. Completing – sizing / coining are post operations that can be used for more complicated and minor tolerance dimensions, ( illustration – engine parts like cylinder valves, linking rods, etc ) . Extra coating assets could be milling, crunching etc. From here it can come on to a connection procedure. After joined this can besides be heat treated and plated. Heat intervention goes up to 550AÂ °C to do a bed of Fe3O4A which acts as corrosion resistant, and increase in hardness. ( N.A. ) ( GT.b, 2012 ) ( J, 2011 ) ( Marciniak, 1988 ) Note- A presentation will be held in category explicating the procedure in more item. Degree centigrades: UsersNathanielDesktopcycle.jpgP8: Question 3Distinguish between merger & A ; non merger, besides select one procedure and discuss. Finally supply one application and besides discuss.Welding is a procedure to bring forth high strength lasting articulations between two ( or more ) parts that need to be connected with each other by agencies of a weldment ( metallurgic fall ining subdivision ) . There are assorted ways to obtain such a connexion and with today ‘s engineering we are accomplishing better belongings results when it comes to post welding belongingss. Chiefly the procedure involves heating a portion, runing the portion / base metal ( depending on which procedure is adopted ) and connection of the stuff occurs as temp start to chill down. Thus the procedure required relies chiefly on the application of heat and force per unit area. One common welding factor is that the metallurgic construction of any metal will be changed station to welding. This coul d take to a station welding heat intervention procedure. ( T, 2010 ) ( Key to metals, 2007 ) Welding is divided into two chief groups, depending on the physical province of the base metal during the procedure that of the base metal being in liquid province or in solid province. These procedures are better known as merger and non merger welding techniques. In order to choose which welding procedure demands to be selected one should first analyze both the welding procedures and addition information sing pre dyer's rockets and station dyer's rockets. ( YAÂ ±lmaz, 2007 ) Fusion / Liquid State Welding ; this is the most common type of welding found in the industry due that the dyer's rocket produced is really strong. In this sort of fall ining procedure, the base metal is melted in order for the dyer's rocket to happen. Apart from the heat beginning a filler stuff ( consumable electrode ) may be fed besides into the welding pool. This procedure may besides utilize a protective bed between our environing atmosphere and the liquefied metal ( gas shield or flux ) . This protection consequences in a scoria on top of the welded seam which subsequently on solidifies and can be removed. There is a assortment of merger welding processes that can be used holding a different belongings result. ( Marinov ) Three major classs of merger welding are found which are bomber divided into different procedures ; Arc Welding: in this sort of procedure warming and thaw of the stuff is done by an electric discharge. Some illustrations of discharge welding could be ; Shield metal discharge welding, , Gas tungsten arc welding, Plasma discharge welding, Gas metal discharge welding, Flux cored arc welding, Submerged discharge welding, Electroslag welding. Gas Welding ; for this sort of welding the gas produces a fire that melts the basal stuff. An illustration of such procedure is ; Oxyacetylene welding High energy beam welding ; here a high energy beam is shot between the two parts held together under force per unit area. As the temperature starts diminishing after the beam Michigan, the parts start to bond together. Some illustrations of this procedure are ; Electro beam welding & A ; Laser beam welding. Basically all the procedures reference antecedently for merger has the same principals. A heat / energy beginning is concentrated on a really little country and a weld pool is produced. These heat beginnings for merger are arc, high energy beams and gas. Obviously the power denseness rises from gas fire to an electric discharge to a high energy beam. For the classs mentioned below we can analyze a graph demoing the heat input to the work piece vs power denseness of heat beginning. It is reasonably obvious that as the power of the heat beginning additions, the heat input to the welded portion decreases. Therefore the less the power denseness of the beginning the larger the affected country. Excessive clip for heating can do harm to the work piece, by changing the belongingss including deformation and weakening. ( Schwartz, 1979 ) Degree centigrades: UsersNathanielDesktopUntitledff.png Therefore one of the advantages on power denseness increaser is deeper incursions, optimum welding qualities, and less exposure clip for the welded portion. This procedure is besides various, and adaptable for confined infinites. On the other manus some disadvantages are, it is non every bit productive as uninterrupted wire applications, current bounds are critical to find the joint potency. ( Liverpool, 2000 ) Non Fusion / Solid State Welds ; for this type of welding heat is applied merely for the base metal to soften in its solid province in order to ease fictile distortion or rush up the solid province diffusion. As the name provinces, in non merger welding the stuffs are joined together without the demand of runing the base metal. Here the stuffs to be joined are brought together at equilibrium spacing for fictile distortion through high temperatures ( below runing point ) and force per unit areas. Some of the chief non merger welding techniques are ; Cold welding: In this procedure the dyer's rocket is achieved by the force per unit area and little lift in temperature due to cold working. Some typical illustrations are ; Press welding & A ; Roll Welding. Clash welding: For this procedure the dyer's rocket is achieved due to the heat produced due to using force per unit area between the parts i.e making clash. Some illustrations are ; Radial Friction welding & A ; Orbital Friction Welding. Diffusion Welding: here both parts are held together under changeless force per unit area, promoting the temperature somewhat and left invariable for a peculiar clip frame ( depending on the stuff ) . Some illustrations are ; Conventional Diffusion welding & A ; Deformation Diffusion welding Solid State Deposition Welding: Chemical reaction bounding. Degree centigrades: UsersNathanielDesktopspwmtfeb2001f1.jpg The first advantage of such a procedure is that low heat is required, hence minimum disruptors in crystalline construction are noticed since no thaw temperatures are required. This could besides be applied for stuffs within the same category or even within different categories due that no intermixing is involved. The chief disadvantage is that for such a procedure big, fixed machineries are required and this is a consequence for big capital financess to purchase the equipment required. Another disadvantage is that this procedure is non really feasible to be applied for little graduated table applications since its complicity. ( Jr, 2004 ) ( Lancaster, 1999 ) Describing one peculiar welding method, the method I will be discoursing is the ‘Hyperbaric Welding Process ‘ normally known as under H2O welding. This procedure falls under the class of Fusion welding. This is a really good illustration of welding in an unusual, critical environment. For such a procedure the welder must be an A class welder plus a commercial frogman in order to defy the harsh and unsafe sea conditions nature has to offer. ( Mukund, 1974 ) Degree centigrades: UsersNathanielDesktop2071602_f520.jpg In order to delegate instantly the procedure with an application mentioning advantages, disadvantages, equipment, restrictions and safeguards, the underwater welding is a procedure used in the offshore industry. The offshore industry covers the fixs of vass ( any kind ) , boring platforms ( jack up rigs, semi submergible rigs, self propelled rigs ) , Bridgess, etc. These constructions face terrible conditions conditions and are invariably flexing in multi conditional environments, hence the hazard of harm and failure is far greater. Basically this sort of welding is ideal and it is really flexible since the work could be done under the water line, therefore the natation works could be repaired in place without the demand of docking the platform to obtain dry conditions. This consequences in less sweeps and loss of valuable boring clip. Restrictions of such a procedure for our boring platform application are that the system is necessarily bulky and expensive to run. For such an application normally low to intercede C steels are used. Steels are designed as CT and a figure after to demo the C content. The most common steel found in this industry is CT3. Low and intermediate C steels are ideal since these have high malleability and sensible dyer's rocket ability. A The weld ability of depends on their C + manganese content in concurrence with their dross degrees. At low C degrees that of less than 0.15 % , the steels are non difficult and the dyer's rocket ability is excellent.A For the medium C type, 0.30 – 0.60 % C is found and these can be welded easy by agencies of discharge welding. Unlike the surface normal discharge welding, where such intermediate C have higher hardness and martinsite formation, in dry conditions pre warming and station warming are required. For deep sea dyer's rockets alternatively of pre warming and station warming, the dyer's rocket is non performed at one spell but with intermediate intermissions. ( Martikainen ) ( Sacrificial Metal, 2012 ) Degree centigrades: UsersNathanielDesktopcorrosion_drill ( 1 ) .jpg Basically there are two categorizations to execute submerged welding. The choice of the proper method is selected after an submerged structural / hull study and the parametric quantities of the submerged environment. The welding categorizations are ‘Dry Welding ‘ & As ; ‘Wet welding ‘ . Wet Welding ; here the welding is performed to the direct exposure of the wet conditions. Here the ‘Manual Metal Arc ‘ procedure is used. The principals of such a procedure are fundamentally the same as that of Arc Welding on dry land but in this instance a particular H2O cogent evidence electrode is required in order to protect the electrode ‘s nucleus. This is the most efficient and cost effectual welding method found amongst all under H2O welding. For this method the power supply is located on the surface of the H2O ( dry conditions ) and the overseas telegrams and hosieries are fed to the frogman via overseas telegram defenders ( big flexible piping ) . The power supply provenders direct current ( DC ) 300 – 400 As through overseas telegrams with negative mutual opposition. If positive mutual opposition is used in DC electrolysis will occour and causes rapid impairment of the metallic constituents in the electrode manus held holder. DC currents are used alternatively of AC ( Alternating ) due to electrical safety and the trouble of keeping the discharge in wet conditions. Motor generator welding machines are normally used. For the moisture type welding it is of import that the circuit includes a knife switch ( Positive type ) . This sort of switch is operated on the surface but eventually commanded by the frogman for optimal safety. This switch should be capable of interrupting the full welding current and stops the dyer's rocket ax the switch is non-operated. As mentioned antecedently, even the electrode itself should hold a particular coating of waterproofing. Basically all connexions should be insulated in order that no H2 O comes in contact with any metal parts. If this insularity is damaged, current will leak and will non be available in the discharge. ( Levi, 2010 ) This method is low cost compared to dry welding, it is besides an onsite occupation i.e. no demand of complex equipment an the frogman can make places of the offshore construction that could non be reached by other types of welding. Some disadvantages are that there is an immediate quench of the welded articulation due to environing Waterss ( additions tensile strength – decreases ductileness & A ; increasure in porousness and hardness ) .large sums of H is present taking to disruptions. H2 dissolves in heat affectional zone and the welded articulation could check. The chief disadvantage is the safety issue sing visibleness and currents Degree centigrades: UsersNathanielDesktopWelding.Programs.jpg Hyperbaric Dry Welding ; here the dyer's rocket is done in a certain chamber. This chamber is normally filled up with He incorporating 0.5 saloon of O at positive force per unit area somewhat above ambient. These dyer's rockets are somewhat higher in quality that of moisture welding and run into X-ray cryptography demands. For such a procedure the ‘Manual Metal Arc ‘ is used or the ‘Gas Tungsten Arc ‘ welding is used ( depending on the welder accomplishments ) . The welding is done in dry conditions but at hydrostatic force per unit areas of the deepness of the environing sea. For the dry dyer's rocket procedure the welding power generator could be AC and DC. Degree centigrades: UsersNathanielDesktopCommercialDryBell.jpg Some advantages of dry welding are that the frogman is safer since the dyer's rocket is performed in an enclosed chamber, hence no direct distractions from currents, and visibleness is much better than moisture welding since the chamber is illuminated. Good quality dyer's rockets are achieved comparable to come up welding and H2 degrees are much lower than H2O dyer's rockets, not distructave proving could be performed in the chamber. Some disadvantages are that the procedure requires much more capital and support at the surface as the method is much more complex, the cost additions with deepness, and the procedure is non every bit flexible as the unfastened H2O dyer's rocket as the connection subdivisions should suit the enclosed chamber. ( Akers, 2012 ) To depict the procedure of Manual Arc Welding, the work that is traveling to be welded should be straight connected to the positive side of the electric circuit via overseas telegrams. Sometimes the Earth overseas telegram incorporates more than 1 connexion in order to obtain the best circuit continuity for the land. A flux ( plus H2O proofing ) electrode is connected to the manus held holder via another overseas telegram which are connected to a power welding coevals beginning. When the tip of the electrode touches the work piece, the current discharge from the spread and causes a flicker which melts the base metal and the electrode organizing a dyer's rocket puddle. Degree centigrades: UsersNathanielDesktopwelding-circuit.gif Comparing both diagrams we can detect some differences. For the moisture procedure, DC current, a knife switch and dual insularity overseas telegrams are required. The mutual opposition is -ve, whilst the circuit is fundamentally the same. As the discharge is moved off from the work piece, the pool solidifies and the articulations are fused together. This welding pool is controlled by changing the current which flows through the discharge being produced and by altering the electrode diameters. Typical temperatures are those of 5000Â °C. by such a procedure a consequence of metallurgical bonding is achieved through the work piece. At these elevated temperatures, metals are ‘active ‘ and if it comes in contact with air it rusts immediately and the mechanical belongingss of the joint fail. For such a ground the discharge welding provides agencies of screening to the dyer's rocket pool ( gas, scoria ) . This is known as metallic discharge shield and is accomplished by the flux covering the electrode nucleus. The scoria produced as the pool cools and solidifies has its map to minimise contact of dyer's rocket to air until temp lessenings. The discharge creates a little pit formed inside the flux. This is for the flux to fire slower than the metal barrel i.e. helping in the protection and control of the metal sedimentation that leave the electrode. For the welding procedure this is a critical in order to keep a changeless discharge and weld articulation. Even in hapless under H2O visibleness, the frogman needs to maintain force per unit area on the electrode to keep a changeless good provender rate. In under H2O welding in is really of import to advert that the discharge behaves otherwise than it does in air. In H2O gas bubbles are a really of import factor as these create an unstable discharge for good welding conditions. In concurrence with this, it is much more hard to command the dyer's rocket puddle. The frogman must put currents by test and mistake depending on the Waterss conditions ( temp, salt, etc ) . Apart from this there is no difference between surface and under H2O welding. ( Kaets, 2000 ) Degree centigrades: UsersNathanielDesktopshielding-weld-arc.gif When compared to other welding procedures Manual discharge welding is normally used because the equipment is comparatively easy to utilize and inexpensive ( compared to other types ) , it is flexible, portable, and ideal for the frogman to utilize in confined infinites, no gas shield is required and eventually it is suited for about all sort of metals and metals. Some disadvantages of discharge welding are that the electrode needs to be replaced often ( more exposed to daze ) , the scoria should be removed after the dyer's rocket is performed, and the procedure is somewhat slower since the rate of deposition is slower than continuously fed electrode procedure ( Gas Tungsten Arc ) . ( Kaets, 2000 ) One last note sing under H2O welding ; there is a procedure non normally used which features a specially built keeping torch which sprays a changeless cone made of high force per unit area H2O, with protective gas under force per unit area to insulate the welded are from the H2O during the dyer's rocket is performed. Besides a recent development was done affecting under H2O optical maser beam welding. This method is still being improved but will shortly be applicable for the offshore industry. ( Clutter, 2012 )

Nonverbal Communication Cod Essay

1. What nonverbal messages are being sent in this image? 2. What type of nonverbal communication codes are being used to deliver the messages? 3. What effect does each message have on the other people in the image? 4. What nonverbal communication skills and strategies could be used to communicate effectively in this situation? 1. What cultural barriers are seen in this image? 2. What type of nonverbal communication codes are being used to deliver the messages? 3. What effect does each message have on the other people in the image? 4. What nonverbal communication skills and strategies could be used to communicate effectively in this situation? 1. What nonverbal messages are being sent in this image? 2. What type of nonverbal communication codes are being used to deliver the messages? 3. What effect does each message have on the other people in the image? 4. What nonverbal communication skills and strategies could be used to communicate effectively in this situation? 1. What cultural barriers can be seen in this image? 2. What nonverbal messages are being sent in this image? 3. What type of nonverbal communication codes are being used to deliver the messages? 4. What effect does each message have on the other people in the image? 5. What nonverbal communication skills and strategies could be used to communicate effectively in this situation? 1. What cultural barriers can be seen in this image? 2. What nonverbal messages are being sent in this image? 3. What type of nonverbal communication codes are being used to deliver the messages? 4. What effect does each message have on the other people in the image? 5. What nonverbal communication skills and strategies could be used to communicate effectively in this situation?