What Is The Importance Of Food Security Environmental Sciences Essay

What Is The Importance Of Food Security Environmental Sciences Essay World Food Day, 16 October, highlights the need to ensure that all people have physical and economic access at all times to enough nutritious, safe food to lead healthy and active lives. More than half the worlds population lives in low-income, food-deficit countries that are unable to produce or import enough food to feed their people. More than one-third of all children are malnourished and 6 million children a year die of causes related to malnutrition. Most of the worlds hungry people are found in the developing world, but 34 million live in the developed world. Soil degradation, chronic water shortages, inappropriate agricultural policies and population growth threaten food production in many countries. While growing export crops such as coffee, cocoa and sugar produces export income, it can lead to a decrease in basic food production, causing hardship for people who are poor. Between 1960 and 1990 world cereal production more than doubled, food production increased by one-third per head, daily intake of calories increased by one-third, and real food prices fell by almost half. There is enough food in the world for everyone to have enough to eat, but it is unevenly distributed. Background What is food security? Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to enough safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy lifestyle. (World Food Summit 1996) To be food secure means that: Food is available The amount and quality of food available globally, nationally and locally can be affected temporarily or for long periods by many factors including climate, disasters, war, civil unrest, population size and growth, agricultural practices, environment, social status and trade. Food is affordable When there is a shortage of food prices increase and while richer people will likely still be able to feed themselves, poorer people may have difficulty obtaining sufficient safe and nutritious food without assistance. Food is utilised At the household level, sufficient and varied food needs to be prepared safely so that people can grow and develop normally, meet their energy needs and avoid disease. What happens when people do not have food security? For the more than 800 million people who do not get enough regular, healthy food, ill health and a shorter life expectancy are real risks. Children, and especially very young children, who suffer from food insecurity will be less developed than children of the same age who have had sufficient food. They will most likely be shorter and weigh less, and be less able physically and intellectually, because of poor nutrition. Why is there food insecurity? Poverty Poor people lack access to sufficient resources to produce or buy quality food. Poor farmers may have very small farms, use less effective farming techniques, and/or be unable to afford fertilisers and labour-saving equipment, all of which limit food production. Often they cannot grow enough food for themselves, let alone generate income by selling excess to others. Without economic resources and a political voice, poor farmers may be forced on to less productive land possibly causing further environmental deterioration. Addressing poverty is critical to ensuring that all people have sufficient food. Health Without sufficient calories and nutrients, the body slows down, making it difficult to undertake the work needed to produce food. Without good health, the body is also less able to make use of the food that is available. A hungry mother will give birth to an underweight baby, who then faces a future of stunted growth, frequent illness, learning disabilities and reduced resistance to disease. Contaminated food and water can cause illness, nutrient loss and often death in children. The HIV/AIDS pandemic has reduced food production in many affected countries as productive adults become ill or die. Lacking the labour, resources and know-how to grow staples and commercial crops, many households have shifted to cultivating survival foods or even leaving their fields, further reducing the food supply. Addressing health issues will improve utilisation and availability of food. Water and the environment Food production requires massive amounts of water. It takes one cubic metre (1000 litres) of water to produce one kilogram of wheat and 3,000 litres of water to produce one kilogram of rice. Producing sufficient food is directly related to having sufficient water. Irrigation can ensure an adequate and reliable supply of water which increases yields of most crops by 100% to 400%. Although only 17% of global cropland is irrigated, that 17% produces 40% of the worlds food. Increasing irrigation efficiency and limiting environment damage through salinisation or reduced soil fertility are important for ongoing food availability. Where water is scarce and the environment fragile, achieving food security may depend on what has been called virtual water, that is, importing food from countries with an abundance of water. This may be a more efficient use of a scarce resource. Gender equity Women play a vital role in providing food and nutrition for their families through their roles as food producers, processors, traders and income earners. Yet womens lower social and economic status limits their access to education, training, land ownership, decision making and credit and consequently their ability to improve their access to and use of food. Food utilisation can be enhanced by improving womens knowledge of nutrition and food safety and the prevention of illnesses. Increasing womens involvement in decision making and their access to land and credit will in turn improve food security as women invest in fertilisers and better seeds, labour-saving tools, irrigation and land care. Disasters and conflicts Droughts, floods, cyclones and pests can quickly wipe out large quantities of food as it grows or when it is in storage for later use. Likewise, seeds can be destroyed by such environmental dangers. Conflict can also reduce or destroy food in production or storage as farmers flee to safety or become involved in the fighting. Previously productive land may be contaminated with explosive debris and need to be cleared before it can again be used for food production. Stored food, seeds and breeding livestock may be eaten or destroyed by soldiers, leading to long-term food shortages. Government spending needs to prioritise food security in the aftermath of conflict. Population and urbanisation Population growth increases the demand for food. With most productive land already in use, there is pressure for this land to become more productive. Poor harvests and higher costs lead many poor farmers to migrate to cities to look for work. Expanding cities spread out across productive land, pushing food production further and further away from consumers. This increases the cost of all the activities associated with producing and transporting food, and decreases the food security of the poor in cities. Trade Many poor countries can produce staples more cheaply than rich nations but barriers to trade, such as distance from markets, quarantine regulations and tariffs make it difficult for them to compete in export markets against highly subsidised farmers in rich countries. This deprives poor farmers of income and entire countries of the agricultural base they need to develop other sectors of the economy. In addition, trade imbalances prevent poor countries from importing agricultural products that could enhance their food security. What is being done? Improving food production Increasing the amount of food available is necessary to feed the growing population. The Green Revolution of the 1970s and 1980s led to huge increases in output, largely due to the cultivation of high-yielding varieties of rice and wheat, the expansion of land under production and irrigation, greater use of fertilisers and pesticides and greater availability of credit. In many countries these gains have reached their limit, and social and environmental issues must now be addressed. Further increases in food production depend on better integration of traditional knowledge with research; improving farming practices through training and the use of technology to increase outputs from current land without further loss of productive land; land reform to provide secure access to land for more people; and the provision of low-cost finance to help farmers invest in higher quality seeds and fertilisers and small irrigation pumps. While genetically modified seeds are being hailed as a means of improving crop outputs, there are also concerns about the ownership of seeds, adequate compensation for traditional knowledge and possible side effects. Economic growth and trade liberalisation Increasing food production leads to greater availability of food and economic growth in the domestic and/or overseas markets. Generating income can provide access to more and varied foods and provide cash for use in other areas of the economy, such as small enterprise and manufacturing, which in turn helps reduce poverty. Trade liberalisation is opening up markets slowly, but there are costly barriers to overcome. Work is underway through the Doha Round of multilateral trading negotiations in the World Trade Organisation to make trade rules fair, encourage trade liberalisation and assist developing countries to participate in the global trade environment. Distribution While there are sufficient resources in the world to provide food security for all, policy and behavioural changes are necessary to guarantee a fair share for all people, especially the poor. Building on a series of global conferences, in particular the 1992 International Conference on Nutrition and the 1996 and 2002 World Food Summits, countries have developed national nutrition plans and policies in nine major strategic action areas that: include mainstream nutrition goals in development policies and programmes improve household food and nutrition security protect consumers through improved food quality and safety prevent and manage infectious diseases promote breastfeeding care for the socioeconomically deprived and nutritionally vulnerable prevent and control specific micronutrient deficiencies promote appropriate diets and healthy lifestyles assess, analyse and monitor nutrition situations. The progress towards achieving these goals, however, has been much slower than intended. Recognising the role of women Gender equality is a prerequisite for the eradication of poverty and hunger. Many programs recognise the need for changes in access to food, land, credit, education, health and nutrition training and decision making in order to make effective use of womens roles in agricultural production and food preparation. Food aid The need for food during emergencies such as drought, disaster, population displacement and conflict is addressed by the distribution of basic food supplies and fuel. Early warning systems can predict problem areas, allowing action to be taken to keep people in their homes and help them back to food self-sufficiency as quickly as possible. Food sourced locally rather than internationally minimises the costs and disruption to local markets. In severe situations feeding may be necessary but often food aid is linked with work, health or education to avoid dependency and address the long-term causes of food insecurity.

Learning to Speak: Reflections of a Learner in ENG 100 :: Essays Papers

Learning to Speak: Reflections of a Learner in ENG 100 This summer, after I was informed that I had been offered a teaching assistantship, I was terrified. I was not sure that I was capable of teaching students about a discipline in which I still possessed such a conscious doubt of my own abilities. For most of my life I was what you might call a non-achiever. When my parents strongly suggested that I enroll in college (the other option being to leave the house) everyone around me just sort of held their breath waiting for my inevitable failure. Then a strange thing happened. I passed my classes, and even enjoyed them. I had always wanted to be an English major. In high school it was the only class that I enjoyed. I loved reading and writing about literature. There was something in the words of struggle and sadness that so many authors wrote about that gave my life meaning through a context of the joy and sorrow that are inextricably linked to living. Despite this, when it came time to choose a major in college, I steered clear of English, my thoughts filled with the intimidating associations of stodgy professors who deconstructed every sentence on a page, bantered using esoteric verbs, and deemed students the flawed population, and that they, erudite and pristine, were socially obligated to instill a fraction of their wisdom into these malleable minds of the naÔve, or just plain stupid. I did not want to willingly submit myself to a major where I perceived I would be subjected to daily criticism of my intelligence. Throughout college, I changed majors several times, each time considering English, but turning away for fear of failure. When I graduated, after a period of complete indecision, I decided that I was going back to school and getting a degree in English. This strange, motivating desire to possess an English degree consumed me, and I knew that I had to prove to myself that I was capable of earning this degree. I had to prove to myself that I could overcome this hurdle. It is funny how one obstacle can create in our minds this wall of fear. So much of life is learning to overcome a fear that often dictates our decisions, desires and dreams.

Reality Shows Should Be Banned Essay

The main essence of reality shows is to put ordinary people in a social confined setting with extraordinary environment and activities with the aim of entertaining audiences with the illusion that what is going on is not scripted nor rehearsed. Most reality shows attempt to convince the audience that the participants of the show are being pushed to their physical, emotional or physiological limits in order to complete a specific task or attain a certain goal of which audience cheer on their favorite participant. With the change in times and technology most reality shows have gone over board and have forgotten the basic concept of reality shows and are now focusing more on entertainment than reality that has lead to increase in sexual exposure, humiliation and immorality. Reality shows have lost their way from original series like survivor to the new mediocre series of two celebrities living in a farm yard for a week. Reality TV has joined the ranks of day time entertainment and has lost the spark of spontaneous originality from other forms of scripted entertainment. Additionally, the most famous reality shows worldwide are big brother and Idols; these two are examples of scripted and well rehearsed reality shows. In the just concluded episode of idols a judge was dared to sing out of the blue and it so happened just by â€Å"coincidence† that the band started playing a song which the judge joined in emphatically without hesitation. The crowed cheered and applauded for the â€Å"unexpected† performance by the judge. Such reality T.V. shows give viewers and more so children false hope of a â€Å"happily ever after† reality were heroes and heroines live thus insulting the intelligence of the viewers. In the case of big brother viewers are subjected to sex as a form of entertainment. Relationships formed in the big brother house give the participant a better chance of winning the competition and increase his/her ratings thus the audience spends time and money voting for the participant so they can enjoy seeing the participants relationship grow. And due to the full disclosure nature of the show all activities are broadcasted and shown live on our T.V. sets exposing and encouraging our youths, young adults and children to sex, immorality and promiscuous behaviors. Furthermore, the common comic saying â€Å"its funny until someone gets hurt, then it’s hilarious† comes to life in most reality shows. Producers of reality shows capitalize  on the demise and misfortunes of participants. When a contestant falls down or gets hurt in anyway it is taken as a form of entertainment or comedy not knowing the humiliation and psychological trauma they instill in the participant. Examples of such shows are â€Å"show me the funny† â€Å"Real T.V.† and â€Å"Fear factor†. Show me the funny capitalizes on bloopers of home made videos which show family member having accidents such as hitting each other being bitten by a snake or having a ball hit them on their faces. Turning such perilous or even fatal accidents to o form of humor encourages children to view violence and accidents as vivacious events and not the precarious activities they are. Producers also capitalize on the eviction or the inability of a participant to complete a certain assignment. The humiliation and reaction of a participant being evicted or accepting defeat is a high point of most reality T.V. which is morally and ethically wrong. The failure of a fellow human being should be frowned upon and not celebrated. 2) Here are plenty of reality shows which are being shown on television channels world wide, in which one can see lots of aspirants taking to the stunts and heroic acts as they want to win the coveted title and they did some shots which amaze the audiances and keep them on their tender nooks, its also done to increase the rating of the channel in the tele shows. There are plenty of reality shows which are being shown on television channels world wide, in which one can see lots of aspirants taking to the stunts and heroic acts as they want to win the coveted title and they did some shots which amaze the audiences and keep them on their tender nooks, its also done to increase the rating of the channel in the tele shows. I am not sure if they are there in your part of the world, channels like Sony and Zee TV they show lot of enthusiasm in such things. The weird things they shown on the small screen are hair raising and put a lot of questions in viewers minds as to such things can be accomplished in real life or not. But the stunt mania grips the minds of innocent public and kids alike. They all want feats and also want to show off to their genre of friends and foes. In the process they might hurt themselves badly. Although there are several reports of teen-aged children being hurt in the process of macho man image building but to no avail as the generation is fast and furious, they just want their way and life to be left to them. I am not sure about consequences and impact  they could have but it is for sure, every one wants his part of fame and attention in public, for we are mortal beings and success is our ambition in life. Effect on teenagers Social cognitive theory suggests that meaningful sources of identity can be discovered by people in their teens who feel â€Å"connected† to what they’re viewing. Thus, when attempting to understand media’s role in the development of teenagers, it is crucial to be aware of the time they devote to their shows like reality television due to this strong influence[48] America’s Next Top Model is often criticized for it’s portrayal of women and poor body image. When faced with the image of a thin, beautiful, successful models, young girls may feel inferior, leading to low self-esteem and eating disorders. Likewise, Jersey Shore is denounced for it’s representation of being a single, young adult. Young people idolize the show’s cast, making them susceptible to imitate their actions, such as promiscuity, violence, and binge drinking.[citation needed]

Control, Fear, and Intimidation in a Relationship Equates...

Relationship violence, also known as domestic violence, occurs when one person in the relationship uses violence to control, instill fear, intimidate, and hurt the other person. This type of violence is a serious problem. It happens to individuals of all ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds. It occurs in heterosexual relationships, as well as same-sex relationships. It can occur while the individuals are still involved, during a break-up, or when the relationship has come to an end. Most people who hear that there is violent, abusive behavior in a relationship think it is the man that is committing this type of behavior, but it can be committed by either the man or woman. According to U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice†¦show more content†¦77); behaviors that can be used to terrorize the victim. . .that do not involve the use of physical force (Shepard Campbell, 1992, p. 291); the direct infliction of mental harm and threats or limits to the victims well-being (G ondolf, 1987), and . . . an ongoing process in which one individual systematically diminishes and destroys the inner self of another. Sexual abuse is the act of forcing someone to participate in forceful, unwanted sexual activity. It could be in the form of intercourse, anal or oral sex, or penetration with an object. Sexual abuse is often associated with physical abuse; they may happen at the same time, or the sexual abuse may occur after the individual is physically abused (Benedictis, Jaffe, Segal, 2012). Physical violence is inflicted with the intent to hurt someone physically. There are several forms of physical violence. These include grabbing, pushing, hair pulling, slapping, hitting, biting, kicking, choking, and hitting with objects. In some cases the person is threatened with a gun or knife or had a gun or knife used on them. Physical violence is astonishingly common among couples today. In a survey taken in 1995 and 1996 (Tjaden Thoennes, 1998), 8,000 women and men were asked about experiencing any physical violence during relationships and 52% of women and 66% of men stated they had been physically abused. The effects of abuse and violence can be long lasting. Individuals that areShow MoreRelatedCoercive Control And The Domestic Violence Context1857 Words   |  8 PagesCoercive Control in the Domestic Violence Context: Academically, Domestic violence is â€Å"the willful intimidation, physical assault, battery, sexual assault, and/or other abusive behavior as part of a systematic pattern of power and control perpetrated by one intimate partner against another. It includes physical violence, sexual violence, threats, and emotional or psychological abuse. The frequency and severity of domestic violence varies dramatically.† However, in Washington State Domestic ViolenceRead MoreEssay on Research Methods Unit 9 Final1572 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract: Domestic violence against women happens around the world every day, but the main focus of location discussed in this paper is Washington State. Females are most likely to suffer domestic violence abuse from someone that they know. In such cases, it has been a spouse that is the attacker. Women escape these violent crimes and reach out for help, but not every time. Based off of the data collected, I strongly believe that females are more often victims of domestic violence than males. Read MoreThe Social Determinants Of Health1306 Words   |  6 Pagespeople’s growth, lifestyles, occupations and age strongly influence their health. 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Alcohol and Its Effects on the Body Essay - 932 Words

Alcohol and Its Effects on the Body As tempting as it might be to consume alcohol in college, I have found through recent experiences that the idea might not be as glamorous and fun as it seems. I have experienced the trouble that drinking can cause and the negative impacts that alcohol does to your body. Unfortunately, I have experienced many of the troubles that alcohol can acquire for someone. There are so many impacts that alcohol has on your body-acute effects, short-term effects, and long-term effects. A person’s brain is affected extremely from alcohol. While you are under the influence, cognitive abilities are affected even with the smallest measures of alcohol. Memory cells and those†¦show more content†¦As I was browsing through numerous websites that explained the major effects of alcohol on the teenage brain, I was amazed. The brain undergoes vigorous changes throughout teenage adolescence, and alcohol abuse can seriously injure long-term and short-term growth processes. Frontal lobe development and the refinement of pathways and connections continue until the age of sixteen, and a high rate of energy is used as the brain matures until the age of twenty. Damage from alcohol at this time can be long-term damages. Not only that, these damages are generally irreversible. In addition, short-term or moderate drinking impairs learning and memory far more in youth than adults. In a more understandable comparison, adolescents generally require only half as mu ch to drink in order to suffer the same negative effects. Various research attempts have been done in order to determine the damages of alcohol to underage drinkers as well as drinkers of age. Adolescent drinkers scored much worse than non-alcohol users on vocabulary, general information, memory, the retrieval of memory in addition to at least three other tests. Verbal and non-verbal information recall was most heavily affected. In alcoholic beverage users, there was at least a ten percent decline. 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Relationship Marketing in Consumer Markets- an Article Review

ARTICLE REVIEW â€Å"Relationship marketing in consumer markets Rhetoric or reality?† By: OMalley, Lisa; Tynan, Caroline. European Journal of Marketing, 2000, Vol. 34 Issue 7, p797, 19p; (AN 3497728) Synopsis This report is based on the notions of relationship marketing relative to consumer markets This journal article (â€Å"Relationship Marketing in Consumer Markets: Rhetorical or Reality†)- focuses on the different aspects of relationship marketing and its effects on the business to consumer markets. This article addresses notions of relationship marketing such as its definition, stages in the Business Customer Relationships (BCR), Relationship marketing strategy in consumer markets, the four tangible manifestations of RM in Consumer†¦show more content†¦-Popularity – refining to closer business to consumer relationship. (Source obtained from: Week 2 Lecture slide by Kath Attree and also located in (Egan, J, â€Å" Relationship Marketing†, 2004)). Henceforth, O’Malley’s theory of the business to customer model somehow contradicts to that of Adrian Payne’s â€Å"Relationship Ladder of Customer Loyalty† (Payne,A â€Å"Advances in Relationship Marketing†, 1997). Accordingly, â€Å"Kotler’s theory of relationship ladders and stages† (Egan, J, â€Å"Relationship Marketing†, 2004) agrees to that of Payne and not the one used in this journal article. Kotler’s relationship ladder model consists of the identifiable aspects in Payne’s theory as well as a little more. Subsequently, Kotler’s model of relationship stages includes the all aspects of prospects, customers, clients, advocates, members and partners, which are evident in Paynes’ theory. Kotler’s model adds more to this relationship ladder with the aspects of â€Å"suspects† (Egan, J, â€Å" Relationship Marketing†, 2004) - being the very first step of the ladder) and â€Å"first-time customers† which are both located in the â€Å"bottom† (more traditional) area of the ladder. 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International Business Ventures in Developing Countries

Question: Discuss about the International Business for Ventures in Developing Countries. Answer: Introduction: Foreign Direct Investment is an emerging economic trend in the world and it helps in better exposure and growth of a business. However, Foreign Direct Investment is related to overseas business and international business exchange (Dunning 2012). The home country of the multinational companies has different sets of cultural beliefs, laws, and regulations that make any kind of business investment a bit difficult. There can be various kinds of ethical dilemma in investing in the home countries of the multinational enterprises. The ethical dilemmas can be further discussed and also some recommendations for the employees of the multinational enterprises, the host countries and so on can be provided. The ethical dilemmas in this prospect can be the difference in culture, the difference in official rules, difference in investment rules and so on (Roberts 2015). Certain examples are there that show how multinational companies or enterprises has developed their trade meticulously in various c ountries like, Brazil, India, Mexico, China and so on. Foreign Direct Investment is an ever-growing business and with the expansion of the business ethical concerns come in the discussion, since this kind of investment needs to know and adapt to the political, social and cultural scenarios of the other countries. The human resources in the rapidly developing multinational enterprises have a different set of outlook and working culture as compared with the employees of other countries or organization. Understanding of the institutional rules and regulations is also important and the morale or the principle of the foreign direct investment is very much dependent on this factor. The executives of the multinational companies can bring in some change in their working procedure and work towards the development of their home country through the foreign investment procedure. The executives can conduct a thorough research of their home country in order to understand the trade needs, the contemporary trade rules, and regulations. The labor union leaders or the labors have to be more tolerant towards the new changes (Rugman 2012). The labors have to accept globalization and the rigidness regarding wages and other demands should be reconsidered in order to usher in new trade and to establish a good trade relationship. The mobilization of labors should also be done to increase the international trade prospect. However, the host country officials or the firms before investing in other countries for the prospect of business should be well aware of the principles on which the country works. In todays time, the growth of foreign investment in the developing nations is qui te high and the host country officials should have a thorough knowledge about the democratic, political and cultural situations of the country in which they are going to invest (Dunning 2012). On the contrary, to this, the home country officials should understand the necessity and importance of the foreign investment. They should also have an understanding of their own market position and condition to adapt to the necessary changes that would be brought about by the foreign direct investment. Successful international business can only be developed by taking risks or investing in risk factors (Cavusgil et al. 2014). Mike's international business is spread in places like North America and the European Union. However, Mike's companies are not doing well since they are guided by old marketing principles and as a result, the competitors are gaining more prominence and visibility in the international market. The managing body of Mike's company is governed or regulated by the family members, who established or founded the company and are quite old, fashioned in conducting international business. However, in this prospect in order to develop the market position of Mike's company the economic factors, the corporate governess, the prospect of the growth of emerging markets and so on can be further discussed. The economic factors that the CEO, Mike can keep in consideration in this scenario for the success and development of his business are the taxes, the management policies, the cost of labor and the governmental policies of North America and the European Union (Hennart 2013). Mike can analyze these factors, which will help him to make his overseas business more successful. The companies in North America and the European Union can adapt to the contemporary management policies, taxation policies, and labor policies of the nations to compete with the other home companies. Mike can also concentrate on developing a business model that will bring profit to his organization. Mike can develop a V4 BM framework that will help Mike to analyze the propositional value, the network value, the financial value and the architectural value of his companies (Teece 2014). These will formulate a definite business model for his organization and based on that the company can proceed with its work. Having a definite business model is utmost important since on it depends on the success and development of an organization. Mike can also study about the emerging markets in North America and the European Union to compete with the other companies. With the increase in the foreign direct enterprise, many multinational enterprises are being established in the European Union and North America and hence adhering to the corporate governance norm for running an organization in a foreign land is utmost important. Mike can make necessary or required changes in his firms as per the laws and regulations of the country, where his firms are operating. Corporate governance includes several important things like the behavioral aspect of the employees, transparency and clear communication in an organization, a balanced ethical approach and so on. Mike can also focus on developing strategies that will be beneficial for the growth of his companies. Resource-based strategies can be developed by Mike to analyz e or understand the performance the firms or the organizations (Roberts 2014). Mike can also focus on a SWOT analysis strategy to understand the threats, the weakness, the strengths and the opportunities of his companies. However, it is recommended that Mike being the CEO of the companies can initially recruit a new board of members and who are quite contemporary in their approach to trade or international business. Reference: Beamish, P., 2013.Multinational Joint Ventures in Developing Countries (RLE International Business). Routledge. Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J.R., Rammal, H.G. and Rose, E.L., 2014.International business. Pearson Australia. Dunning, J.H., 2012.International Production and the Multinational Enterprise (RLE International Business). Routledge. Hennart, J.F., 2013. From The American Challenge To The Dragons At Your Door: Forty Years Of Work On The Theory Of The Multinational Enterprise.Philosophy of Science and Meta-Knowledge in International Business and Management,26, p.5. Moran, T.H., 2012.Foreign Direct Investment. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Roberts, C., 2015. Foreign direct investment.AusIMM Bulletin, (Oct 2015), p.80. Rugman, A., 2012.New theories of the multinational enterprise(Vol. 33). Routledge. Teece, D.J., 2014. A dynamic capabilities-based entrepreneurial theory of the multinational enterprise.Journal of International Business Studies,45(1), pp.8-37.